【论文笔记】LIME: low-light image enhancement via illumination map estimation
Traditional Methods & Unsolved Problems
- Histogram equalization (HE)
- focus on contrast enhancement instead of exploiting real illumination causes, having the risk of over- and under- enhancement
- Gamma correction
- carried out on each pixel individually
- single-scale Retinex (SSR) and multi-scale Retinex (MSR)
- looks unnatural and frequently appears to be over-enhanced
- adjust the illumination by fusing multiple derivations of the initially estimated illumination map
- lose the realism of regions with rich textures
- dehaze inverted low-light image
- lacking in physical explanation
Solutions
- Retinex-based methods but only estimates one factor, say the illumination
- shrink the solution space and reduce the computational cost
- exploit the structure of illumination to refine illumination map
Retinex
L = R ⊙ T \mathbf {L=R \odot T} L=R⊙T
where
- L \mathbf L L are the captured low-light image
- R \mathbf R R are the desired recovery (aka reflectance)
- T \mathbf T T represents the illumination map
- ⊙ \odot ⊙ means element-wise multiplication
Assume: for color images, three channels share the same illumination map. T \mathbf T T and T ^ \hat {\mathbf T} T^ to represent one-channel and three-channel illumination maps.
Illumination Estimation
T ^ ( x ) ← max c ∈ { R , G , B } L c ( x ) (1) \hat {\mathbf T}(x) \leftarrow \max_{c∈\{R,G,B\}} \mathbf L ^c(x)\tag 1 T^(x)←c∈{
R,G,B}maxLc(x)(1)
so R ( x ) = L ( x ) max c L c ( x ) + ϵ (2) \mathbf R(x)={\mathbf L(x)\over \max_c \mathbf L^c(x)+\epsilon}\tag 2 R(x)=maxcLc(x)+ϵL(x)(2)
In dehaze model:
1 − L = ( 1 − R ) ⊙ T ~ + a ( 1 − T ~ ) (3) \mathbf{1-L=(1-R)\odot\tilde T}+ a \mathbf{(1-\tilde T)} \tag 3 1−L=(1−R)⊙T~+a(1−T~)(3)
where
- 1 − L \mathbf{1-L} 1−L is inverted low-light image (similar to haze image)
with dark channel prior
T ~ ( x ) ← 1 − min c 1 − L c ( x ) a = 1 − 1 a + max c L c ( x ) a (4) \mathbf {\tilde T}(x) \leftarrow 1-\min_c{1-\mathbf L^c(x)\over a}=1-{1 \over a}+\max_c{\mathbf L^c(x)\over a}\tag 4 T~(x)←1−cmina1−Lc(x)=1−a1+cmax