python基础：七，函数

# 8.1 定义函数

def greet_user():
    """显示简单的问候语"""
    print("Hello!")
    
greet_user()

## 8.1.1 向函数传递信息

def greet_user(username):   #形参
    """显示简单的问候语"""
    print(f"Hello,{username.title()}!")
    
greet_user("zxr")  #实参

## 8.1.2 形参和实参

#  8.2 传递实参

位置实参+关键字实参



## 8.2.1 位置实参

任务：打印

I have a xxx

My xxxx's name is xxx

def describe_pet(animal_type,pet_name):
    """显示宠物地信息"""
    print(f"\nI have a   {animal_type}" )
    print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name}")
    
describe_pet('haster','wd')

基于实参的顺序在函数调用时把每个实参关联到函数定义中的形参

## 1,多次调用函数

def describe_pet(animal_type,pet_name):
    """显示宠物地信息"""
    print(f"\nI have a   {animal_type}" )
    print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}")
    
describe_pet('haster','wd')
describe_pet('sgsa','dd')

## 2,位置实参的顺序很重要

## 8.2.2 关键字实参

在实参中将名称和值关联起来

def describe_pet(animal_type,pet_name):
    """显示宠物地信息"""
    print(f"\nI have a   {animal_type}" )
    print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}")
    
describe_pet(animal_type = 'haster',pet_name = 'wd')

## 8.2.2  默认值

def describe_pet(pet_name,animal_type = "dog"):
    """显示宠物地信息"""
    print(f"\nI have a   {animal_type}" )
    print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}")
    
describe_pet(pet_name='whillie')      #默认为形参的值

## 8.2.4  等效的函数调用

def describe_pet(pet_name,animal_type = "dog"):
    """显示宠物地信息"""
    print(f"\nI have a   {animal_type}" )
    print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}")
    
describe_pet(pet_name='whillie')      #默认为形参的值   #关键字实参
describe_pet('whillie')


describe_pet('dke','wfjwo')     
describe_pet(pet_name='dj',animal_type='dbj')
describe_pet(animal_type='dug',pet_name='dnj')  #关键字，可不用顺序

##  8.2.5 避免实参错误

def describe_pet(pet_name,animal_type = "dog"):
    """显示宠物地信息"""
    print(f"\nI have a   {animal_type}" )
    print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}")
    
describe_pet()      

# 8.3 返回值

return

## 8.3.1 返回简单值

def get_formatted_name(first_name,last_name):
    """返回整洁的名字"""
    full_name = f"{first_name} {last_name}"
    return full_name.title()

musician = get_formatted_name('Zhang',"Xiaorong")
print(musician)

## 8.3.2 让实参变为可选的

def get_formatted_name(first_name,middle_name,last_name):
    """返回整洁的名字"""
    full_name = f"{first_name} {middle_name} {last_name}"
    return full_name.title()

musician = get_formatted_name('Zhang',"sdaj","Xiaorong")
print(musician)

def get_formatted_name(first_name,last_name,middle_name=""):  #额外设，放末尾
    """返回整洁的名字"""
    
    #检查是否提供中间名
    if middle_name:                                          #if语句进行可选择性
        full_name = f"{first_name} {middle_name} {last_name}"
    else:
        full_name = f"{first_name} {last_name}"
    return full_name.title()

musician = get_formatted_name('Zhang',"sdaj","Xiaorong")
print(musician)


musician = get_formatted_name('Zhang',"sdaj")
print(musician)

## 8.3.3 返回字典

{'first':'jimi','last':'hendrix'}

def build_persion(first_name,last_name):
    """返回一个字典，其中包含有关一个人的信息"""
    person = { 'first':first_name ,'last':last_name}
    return person

muician = build_persion('z','xr')
print(muician)

def build_persion(first_name,last_name,age=None):  #None是占位值.条件测试中，None相当于False
    """返回一个字典，其中包含有关一个人的信息"""
    person = { 'first':first_name ,'last':last_name}
    if age:
        person['age'] = age     #如果age由值，这个键值对添加到字典中
    return person

muician = build_persion('z','xr',age=27)
print(muician)

## 8.3.4 结合使用函数和while循环

def get_formatted_name(first_name,last_name):
    '''返回整洁的姓名'''
    full_name = f'{first_name}{last_name}'
    return full_name.title()
while True:
    print("\nPlease tell me your name:")
    print("enter 'q' at any time to quit")
    
    f_name = input("First name:")
    if f_name == 'q':
        break
        
    l_name = input("Last name:")
    if l_name == 'q':
        break
    formatted_name = get_formatted_name(f_name,l_name)
    print(f"\nHello,{formatted_name}")
    

# 8.4 传递列表

def greet_users(names):
    '''向列表中的每位发出简单的问候'''
    for name in names:
        msg = f"Hello,{name.title()}!"
        print(msg)
username = ['ecq','qce','c3']
greet_users(username)

## 8.4.1 在函数中修改列表




def print_model(unprinted_designs,completed_models):
    """打印资料"""
    while unprinted_designs:
        current_design = unprinted_designs.pop()
        print(f"Printing model:{current_design}")
        completed_models.append(current_design)
        
def show_completed_models(completed_models):
    """显示所有打印好的模型"""
    print("\nThe following models have been printed:")
    for completed_model in completed_models:
        print(completed_model)
        
unprinted_designs = ['d3','2fc','2v4','34v']
completed_models = []

print_model(unprinted_designs,completed_models)
show_completed_models(completed_models)

##  8.4.2  禁止函数修改列表

#将列表的副本传递给函数  原来的列表值不变，不为空
function_name(list_name[:])

def print_model(unprinted_designs[:],completed_models):  #切片方式
    """打印资料"""
    while unprinted_designs:
        current_design = unprinted_designs.pop()
        print(f"Printing model:{current_design}")
        completed_models.append(current_design)
        
def show_completed_models(completed_models):
    """显示所有打印好的模型"""
    print("\nThe following models have been printed:")
    for completed_model in completed_models:
        print(completed_model)
        
unprinted_designs = ['d3','2fc','2v4','34v']
completed_models = []

print_model(unprinted_designs[:],completed_models)
show_completed_models(completed_models)

# 8.5 传递任意数量的实参

# def make_pizza(toppings):
#     '''打印顾客点的所有配料'''
#     print(toppings)
# make_pizza('ew')
# make_pizza('qwd','3f1','4f32')


# *创建一个topping的空元组  --- *toppings。可接受多个实参
def make_pizza(*toppings):
    '''打印顾客点的所有配料'''
    print(toppings)
make_pizza('ew')
make_pizza('qwd','3f1','4f32')

## 8.5.1 结合使用位置实参和任意数量实参

def make_pizza(size,*toppings):  #先匹配关键字实参，再收集。*toppings写后面
    '''打印顾客点的所有配料'''
    print(f"\nMaking a {size}-inch pizza with the following toppings:")
    print(toppings)
make_pizza(13,'ew')
make_pizza(12,'qwd','3f1','4f32')


## 8.5.2 使用任意数量的关键字实参


def build_profile(first,last,**user_info):  #两个**，创建1一个空字典
    """创建一个字典，里面包含我们知道的有关用户的一切"""
    user_info['first_name'] = first
    user_info['last_name'] = last
    return user_info
user_profile = build_profile('w','2e',location = 'we',field = 'w')
print(user_profile)    

# 8.6将函数存储在模块中

#函数 def make_pizza:   保存名：pizza

## 8.6.1 导入整个模块



#导入模块
import pizza
pizza.make_pizza(...)

## 8.6.2 导入特定的函数

#导入模块下的特定函数
from pizza import make_pizza
make_pizza(...)  

## 8.6.3 使用as给函数指定别名

#设置别名
from pizza import make_pizza as mp

mp(...)

## 8.6.4 使用as给模块指定别名

#模块指定别名
import pizza as p

p.make_pizza(...)

## 8.6.5 导入模块中的所有函数

#导入模块下的所有函数
from pizza import *
make_pizza(...)