【气象常用】时间序列图

成果图：

主要步骤：

1. 数据准备：下载Hadley Centre observations datasets的HadSST数据

下载链接：Met Office Hadley Centre observations datasets

2. 图像绘制：绘制时间序列图并设置坐标轴名称、刻度、刻度名称、图例位置、图题、阴影检验线

详细代码：着急的直接拖到最后有完整代码

步骤一：导入库包及图片存储路径并设置中文字体为宋体，西文为新罗马（没有的库包要先下好奥）

# 导入库并设置字体
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
# 设置西文字体为新罗马字体，中文为宋体，字号为12
from matplotlib import rcParams
config = {
            "font.family": 'serif',
            "font.size": 12,
            "mathtext.fontset": 'stix',
            "font.serif": ['SimSun'],
          }
rcParams.update(config)
rcParams['axes.unicode_minus']=False

步骤二：读入csv文件及所需数据

datapath = r'H:/00.csdn/01data/'
figpath = r'H:/00.csdn/02fig/'

# 读取csv文件，并选择指定的列
datas = pd.read_csv(datapath+'HadSST.4.0.1.0_annual_SHEM.csv', 
                   usecols=['year', 'anomaly', 'lower_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range', 'upper_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range'])
datan = pd.read_csv(datapath+'HadSST.4.0.1.0_annual_NHEM.csv', 
                   usecols=['year', 'anomaly', 'lower_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range', 'upper_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range'])
datag = pd.read_csv(datapath+'HadSST.4.0.1.0_annual_GLOBE.csv', 
                   usecols=['year', 'anomaly', 'lower_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range', 'upper_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range'])
xg = datag['year']
yg = datag['anomaly']
yg1 = datag['lower_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range']
yg2 = datag['upper_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range']
xs = datas['year']
ys = datas['anomaly']
ys1 = datas['lower_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range']
ys2 = datas['upper_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range']
xn = datan['year']
yn = datan['anomaly']
yn1 = datan['lower_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range']
yn2 = datan['upper_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range']

步骤三：绘制图像主体

#绘制图像
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(15, 8))
ax = fig.add_axes([0.1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4])

# 绘制海温折线
ax.plot(xg, yg, linewidth=1,  label='Global SST Anomalies')
ax.plot(xn, yn, linewidth=1,  label='Northern Hemisphere SST Anomalies')
ax.plot(xs, ys, linewidth=1,  label='Southern Hemisphere SST Anomalies')

# 绘制填充阴影
ax.fill_between(xg, yg1, yg2, alpha=.5, linewidth=0)
ax.fill_between(xn, yn1, yn2, alpha=.5, linewidth=0)
ax.fill_between(xs, ys1, ys2, alpha=.5, linewidth=0)

步骤四：设置坐标轴及图题相关内容

# 设置坐标轴信息
# xlim，ylim：设置x轴y轴显示得最大最小值
# xticks，yticks： 设置坐标轴刻度，可控制隔几个标注，本图为两个一标
# xticklabels，yticklabels：设置坐标轴刻度名称，维度要和xticks，yticks一致奥
# xlabel，ylabel：坐标轴名称
# title：图名
xlabels = np.arange(1850, 2025, 20)
ylabels = np.arange(-12, 13, 4)/10
ax.set_xticks(xlabels)
ax.set_xticklabels(xlabels, rotation = 0, fontsize = 12)
ax.set_yticks(ylabels)
ax.set_yticklabels(ylabels, fontsize = 12)
ax.set_xlabel('Year',fontsize=12)
ax.set_ylabel('Temperature Anomaly(℃)',fontsize=12)
ax.set_title('Sea Surface Temperature (HadSST4) Anomalies Over the Last 100 Years', fontsize=14)

步骤五：设置图例及水平检验线

# 设置图例
ax.legend(frameon=False, fontsize=12)

# 设置水平检验线
plt.axhline(0, color='grey', linestyle='--')

完整代码在这里哦：

###############################################################################
# 导入库并设置字体
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
# 设置西文字体为新罗马字体，中文为宋体，字号为12
from matplotlib import rcParams
config = {
            "font.family": 'serif',
            "font.size": 12,
            "mathtext.fontset": 'stix',
            "font.serif": ['SimSun'],
          }
rcParams.update(config)
rcParams['axes.unicode_minus']=False
###############################################################################

datapath = r'H:/00.csdn/01data/'
figpath = r'H:/00.csdn/02fig/'

# 读取csv文件，并选择指定的列
datas = pd.read_csv(datapath+'HadSST.4.0.1.0_annual_SHEM.csv', 
                   usecols=['year', 'anomaly', 'lower_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range', 'upper_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range'])
datan = pd.read_csv(datapath+'HadSST.4.0.1.0_annual_NHEM.csv', 
                   usecols=['year', 'anomaly', 'lower_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range', 'upper_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range'])
datag = pd.read_csv(datapath+'HadSST.4.0.1.0_annual_GLOBE.csv', 
                   usecols=['year', 'anomaly', 'lower_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range', 'upper_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range'])
xg = datag['year']
yg = datag['anomaly']
yg1 = datag['lower_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range']
yg2 = datag['upper_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range']
xs = datas['year']
ys = datas['anomaly']
ys1 = datas['lower_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range']
ys2 = datas['upper_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range']
xn = datan['year']
yn = datan['anomaly']
yn1 = datan['lower_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range']
yn2 = datan['upper_bound_95pct_bias_uncertainty_range']
###############################################################################
#绘制图像
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(15, 8))
ax = fig.add_axes([0.1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4])

# 绘制海温折线
ax.plot(xg, yg, linewidth=1,  label='Global SST Anomalies')
ax.plot(xn, yn, linewidth=1,  label='Northern Hemisphere SST Anomalies')
ax.plot(xs, ys, linewidth=1,  label='Southern Hemisphere SST Anomalies')

# 绘制填充阴影
ax.fill_between(xg, yg1, yg2, alpha=.5, linewidth=0)
ax.fill_between(xn, yn1, yn2, alpha=.5, linewidth=0)
ax.fill_between(xs, ys1, ys2, alpha=.5, linewidth=0)

# 设置坐标轴信息
# xticks，yticks： 设置坐标轴刻度，可控制隔几个标注，本图为两个一标
# xticklabels，yticklabels：设置坐标轴刻度名称，维度要和xticks，yticks一致奥
# xlabel，ylabel：坐标轴名称
# title：图名
xlabels = np.arange(1850, 2025, 20)
ylabels = np.arange(-12, 13, 4)/10
ax.set_xticks(xlabels)
ax.set_xticklabels(xlabels, rotation = 0, fontsize = 12)
ax.set_yticks(ylabels)
ax.set_yticklabels(ylabels, fontsize = 12)
ax.set_xlabel('Year',fontsize=12)
ax.set_ylabel('Temperature Anomaly(℃)',fontsize=12)
ax.set_title('Sea Surface Temperature (HadSST4) Anomalies Over the Last 100 Years', fontsize=14)

# 设置图例
ax.legend(frameon=False, fontsize=12)

# 设置水平检验线
plt.axhline(0, color='grey', linestyle='--')
###############################################################################
# 保存图像
plt.savefig(figpath+'01 海温时间序列.png', bbox_inches = 'tight', dpi=600, format='png')
plt.show()