路径无关性、保守场、势函数

Uncertainty!!

已于 2022-07-30 11:39:21 修改

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35.路径无关性、保守场、势函数

1.路径无关性、保守场、势函数

1.路径无关性、保守场、势函数

关于区域D

1.1 定理1-曲线积分基本定理

证明定理1：

笔记来源于：Path independence for line integrals | Multivariable Calculus | Khan Academy

例子：

1.2 定理2-保守场是梯度场

证明定理2：

例子：

1.3 定理3-保守场的环路性质

1.4 求保守场的势

两个问题：
1.我们如何知道一个给定的向量场F是否是保守的?
2.如果F是保守的，我们如何找到一个势函数ƒ（以便 $\boldsymbol{F}=\nabla f$ ）

回顾 $\boldsymbol{F}$ 的三维旋度中：
$curl\,\boldsymbol{F}(x,y,z)=\nabla×\boldsymbol{F}\\ ~\\ \begin{pmatrix} \frac{\partial}{\partial x}\\ \frac{\partial}{\partial y}\\ \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \end{pmatrix}× \begin{pmatrix} M(x,y,z)\\ N(x,y,z)\\ P(x,y,z) \end{pmatrix}\\ ~\\ \boldsymbol{i}=\left[ \begin{array}{l} 1\\ 0\\ 0 \end{array} \right] \quad\boldsymbol{j}=\left[ \begin{array}{l} 0\\ 1\\ 0 \end{array} \right] \quad\boldsymbol{k}=\left[ \begin{array}{l} 0\\ 0\\ 1 \end{array} \right]\\ ~\\ det\begin{pmatrix} \boldsymbol{i} & \boldsymbol{j} & \boldsymbol{k}\\ \frac{\partial}{\partial x} & \frac{\partial}{\partial y}&\frac{\partial}{\partial z}\\ M(x,y,z) & N(x,y,z) & P(x,y,z) \end{pmatrix} ~\\ ~\\ \begin{pmatrix} \frac{\partial}{\partial y} & \frac{\partial}{\partial z}\\ N(x,y,z) & P(x,y,z) \end{pmatrix}\boldsymbol{i}- \begin{pmatrix} \frac{\partial}{\partial x} & \frac{\partial}{\partial z}\\ M(x,y,z) & P(x,y,z) \end{pmatrix}\boldsymbol{j}+ \begin{pmatrix} \frac{\partial}{\partial x} & \frac{\partial}{\partial y}\\ M(x,y,z) & N(x,y,z) \end{pmatrix}\boldsymbol{k}\\ ~\\ (\frac{\partial P}{\partial y}-\frac{\partial N}{\partial z})\boldsymbol{i}-(\frac{\partial P}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial M}{\partial z})\boldsymbol{j}+(\frac{\partial N}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial M}{\partial y})\boldsymbol{k}\\ ~\\ (\frac{\partial P}{\partial y}-\frac{\partial N}{\partial z})\boldsymbol{i}+(\frac{\partial M}{\partial z}-\frac{\partial P}{\partial x})\boldsymbol{j}+(\frac{\partial N}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial M}{\partial y})\boldsymbol{k}\\ ~\\ curl\,\boldsymbol{F}(x,y,z)= \begin{pmatrix} \frac{\partial P}{\partial y}-\frac{\partial N}{\partial z}\\ ~\\ \frac{\partial M}{\partial z}-\frac{\partial P}{\partial x}\\ ~\\ \frac{\partial N}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial M}{\partial y} \end{pmatrix}$
当且仅当 $\boldsymbol{F}$ 是保守场时，下面这个向量为0（即旋度为0）
$(\frac{\partial P}{\partial y}-\frac{\partial N}{\partial z})\boldsymbol{i}+(\frac{\partial M}{\partial z}-\frac{\partial P}{\partial x})\boldsymbol{j}+(\frac{\partial N}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial M}{\partial y})\boldsymbol{k}\\$
即：
$\frac{\partial P}{\partial y}-\frac{\partial N}{\partial z}=0\\ ~\\ \frac{\partial M}{\partial z}-\frac{\partial P}{\partial x}=0\\ ~\\ \frac{\partial N}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial M}{\partial y}=0$
即：
$\frac{\partial P}{\partial y}=\frac{\partial N}{\partial z}\\ ~\\ \frac{\partial M}{\partial z}=\frac{\partial P}{\partial x}\\ ~\\ \frac{\partial N}{\partial x}=\frac{\partial M}{\partial y}$