第T9周：猫狗识别2

• 🍨 本文为🔗365天深度学习训练营 中的学习记录博客
• 🍖 原作者：K同学啊

一、前期工作

1. 设置GPU
   如果使用的是CPU可以注释掉这部分的代码。

import tensorflow as tf

gpus = tf.config.list_physical_devices("GPU")

if gpus:
    tf.config.experimental.set_memory_growth(gpus[0], True)  #设置GPU显存用量按需使用
    tf.config.set_visible_devices([gpus[0]],"GPU")

# 打印显卡信息，确认GPU可用
print(gpus)

2. 导入数据

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 支持中文
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']  # 用来正常显示中文标签
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False  # 用来正常显示负号

import os,PIL,pathlib

#隐藏警告
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')

data_dir = "/home/aiusers/space_yjl/深度学习训练营/Tensorflow入门实战/第八周：猫狗识别/365-7-data"
data_dir = pathlib.Path(data_dir)

image_count = len(list(data_dir.glob('*/*')))

print("图片总数为：",image_count)

二、数据预处理

1. 加载数据

"""
关于image_dataset_from_directory()的详细介绍可以参考文章：https://mtyjkh.blog.csdn.net/article/details/117018789
"""
train_ds = tf.keras.preprocessing.image_dataset_from_directory(
    data_dir,
    validation_split=0.2,
    subset="training",
    seed=12,
    image_size=(img_height, img_width),
    batch_size=batch_size)

"""
关于image_dataset_from_directory()的详细介绍可以参考文章：https://mtyjkh.blog.csdn.net/article/details/117018789
"""
"""
关于image_dataset_from_directory()的详细介绍可以参考文章：https://mtyjkh.blog.csdn.net/article/details/117018789
"""
val_ds = tf.keras.preprocessing.image_dataset_from_directory(
    data_dir,
    validation_split=0.2,
    subset="validation",
    seed=12,
    image_size=(img_height, img_width),
    batch_size=batch_size)

我们可以通过class_names输出数据集的标签。标签将按字母顺序对应于目录名称。

class_names = train_ds.class_names
print(class_names)

2. 再次检查数据

for image_batch, labels_batch in train_ds:
    print(image_batch.shape)
    print(labels_batch.shape)
    break

3. 配置数据集

● shuffle() ： 打乱数据，关于此函数的详细介绍可以参考：https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/42417456
● prefetch() ：预取数据，加速运行，其详细介绍可以参考我前两篇文章，里面都有讲解。
● cache() ：将数据集缓存到内存当中，加速运行

AUTOTUNE = tf.data.AUTOTUNE

def preprocess_image(image,label):
    return (image/255.0,label)

# 归一化处理
train_ds = train_ds.map(preprocess_image, num_parallel_calls=AUTOTUNE)
val_ds   = val_ds.map(preprocess_image, num_parallel_calls=AUTOTUNE)

train_ds = train_ds.cache().shuffle(1000).prefetch(buffer_size=AUTOTUNE)
val_ds   = val_ds.cache().prefetch(buffer_size=AUTOTUNE)

4. 可视化数据

plt.figure(figsize=(15, 10))  # 图形的宽为15高为10

for images, labels in train_ds.take(1):
    for i in range(8):
        
        ax = plt.subplot(5, 8, i + 1) 
        plt.imshow(images[i])
        plt.title(class_names[labels[i]])
        
        plt.axis("off")

三、构建VGG-16网络

from tensorflow.keras import layers, models, Input
from tensorflow.keras.models import Model
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D, Dense, Flatten, Dropout

def VGG16(nb_classes, input_shape):
    input_tensor = Input(shape=input_shape)
    # 1st block
    x = Conv2D(64, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block1_conv1')(input_tensor)
    x = Conv2D(64, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block1_conv2')(x)
    x = MaxPooling2D((2,2), strides=(2,2), name = 'block1_pool')(x)
    # 2nd block
    x = Conv2D(128, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block2_conv1')(x)
    x = Conv2D(128, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block2_conv2')(x)
    x = MaxPooling2D((2,2), strides=(2,2), name = 'block2_pool')(x)
    # 3rd block
    x = Conv2D(256, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block3_conv1')(x)
    x = Conv2D(256, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block3_conv2')(x)
    x = Conv2D(256, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block3_conv3')(x)
    x = MaxPooling2D((2,2), strides=(2,2), name = 'block3_pool')(x)
    # 4th block
    x = Conv2D(512, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block4_conv1')(x)
    x = Conv2D(512, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block4_conv2')(x)
    x = Conv2D(512, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block4_conv3')(x)
    x = MaxPooling2D((2,2), strides=(2,2), name = 'block4_pool')(x)
    # 5th block
    x = Conv2D(512, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block5_conv1')(x)
    x = Conv2D(512, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block5_conv2')(x)
    x = Conv2D(512, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block5_conv3')(x)
    x = MaxPooling2D((2,2), strides=(2,2), name = 'block5_pool')(x)
    # full connection
    x = Flatten()(x)
    x = Dense(4096, activation='relu',  name='fc1')(x)
    x = Dense(4096, activation='relu', name='fc2')(x)
    output_tensor = Dense(nb_classes, activation='softmax', name='predictions')(x)

    model = Model(input_tensor, output_tensor)
    return model

model=VGG16(1000, (img_width, img_height, 3))
model.summary()

四、编译

在准备对模型进行训练之前，还需要再对其进行一些设置。以下内容是在模型的编译步骤中添加的：

● 损失函数（loss）：用于衡量模型在训练期间的准确率。
● 优化器（optimizer）：决定模型如何根据其看到的数据和自身的损失函数进行更新。
● 评价函数（metrics）：用于监控训练和测试步骤。以下示例使用了准确率，即被正确分类的图像的比率。

model.compile(optimizer="adam",
              loss     ='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
              metrics  =['accuracy'])

五、训练模型-这里会出错

from tqdm import tqdm
import tensorflow.keras.backend as K

epochs = 10
lr     = 1e-4

# 记录训练数据，方便后面的分析
history_train_loss     = []
history_train_accuracy = []
history_val_loss       = []
history_val_accuracy   = []

for epoch in range(epochs):
    train_total = len(train_ds)
    val_total   = len(val_ds)
    
    """
    total：预期的迭代数目
    ncols：控制进度条宽度
    mininterval：进度更新最小间隔，以秒为单位（默认值：0.1）
    """
    with tqdm(total=train_total, desc=f'Epoch {epoch + 1}/{epochs}',mininterval=1,ncols=100) as pbar:
        
        lr = lr*0.92
        K.set_value(model.optimizer.lr, lr)
        
        train_loss     = []
        train_accuracy = []
        for image,label in train_ds:   
            """
            训练模型，简单理解train_on_batch就是：它是比model.fit()更高级的一个用法

            想详细了解 train_on_batch 的同学，
            可以看看我的这篇文章：https://www.yuque.com/mingtian-fkmxf/hv4lcq/ztt4gy
            """
             # 这里生成的是每一个batch的acc与loss
            history = model.train_on_batch(image,label)
            
            train_loss.append(history[0])
            train_accuracy.append(history[1])
            
            pbar.set_postfix({"train_loss": "%.4f"%history[0],
                              "train_acc":"%.4f"%history[1],
                              "lr": K.get_value(model.optimizer.lr)})
            pbar.update(1)
            
        history_train_loss.append(np.mean(train_loss))
        history_train_accuracy.append(np.mean(train_accuracy))
            
    print('开始验证！')
    
    with tqdm(total=val_total, desc=f'Epoch {epoch + 1}/{epochs}',mininterval=0.3,ncols=100) as pbar:

        val_loss     = []
        val_accuracy = []
        for image,label in val_ds:      
            # 这里生成的是每一个batch的acc与loss
            history = model.test_on_batch(image,label)
            
            val_loss.append(history[0])
            val_accuracy.append(history[1])
            
            pbar.set_postfix({"val_loss": "%.4f"%history[0],
                              "val_acc":"%.4f"%history[1]})
            pbar.update(1)
        history_val_loss.append(np.mean(val_loss))
        history_val_accuracy.append(np.mean(val_accuracy))
            
    print('结束验证！')
    print("验证loss为：%.4f"%np.mean(val_loss))
    print("验证准确率为：%.4f"%np.mean(val_accuracy))

好像是个tensorflow版本有关

import tensorflow as tf
print(tf.__version__)

五、训练模型--正确版

# 编译模型时使用优化器
optimizer = Adam(learning_rate=1e-4)
model.compile(optimizer=optimizer,
              loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
              metrics=['accuracy'])

for epoch in range(epochs):
    train_total = len(train_ds)
    val_total   = len(val_ds)
    
    with tqdm(total=train_total, desc=f'Epoch {epoch + 1}/{epochs}', mininterval=1, ncols=100) as pbar:
        
        # Update learning rate manually
        lr = lr * 0.92
        model.optimizer.learning_rate.assign(lr)
        
        train_loss = []
        train_accuracy = []
        for image, label in train_ds:
            history = model.train_on_batch(image, label)
            train_loss.append(history[0])
            train_accuracy.append(history[1])
            
            pbar.set_postfix({"train_loss": "%.4f" % history[0],
                              "train_acc": "%.4f" % history[1],
                              "lr": lr})
            pbar.update(1)
        
        history_train_loss.append(np.mean(train_loss))
        history_train_accuracy.append(np.mean(train_accuracy))
    
    print('开始验证！')
    
    with tqdm(total=val_total, desc=f'Epoch {epoch + 1}/{epochs}', mininterval=0.3, ncols=100) as pbar:

        val_loss = []
        val_accuracy = []
        for image, label in val_ds:
            history = model.test_on_batch(image, label)
            val_loss.append(history[0])
            val_accuracy.append(history[1])
            
            pbar.set_postfix({"val_loss": "%.4f" % history[0],
                              "val_acc": "%.4f" % history[1]})
            pbar.update(1)
        history_val_loss.append(np.mean(val_loss))
        history_val_accuracy.append(np.mean(val_accuracy))
    
    print('结束验证！')
    print("验证loss为：%.4f" % np.mean(val_loss))
    print("验证准确率为：%.4f" % np.mean(val_accuracy))

六、模型评估

epochs_range = range(epochs)

plt.figure(figsize=(14, 4))
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)

plt.plot(epochs_range, history_train_accuracy, label='Training Accuracy')
plt.plot(epochs_range, history_val_accuracy, label='Validation Accuracy')
plt.legend(loc='lower right')
plt.title('Training and Validation Accuracy')

plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(epochs_range, history_train_loss, label='Training Loss')
plt.plot(epochs_range, history_val_loss, label='Validation Loss')
plt.legend(loc='upper right')
plt.title('Training and Validation Loss')
plt.show()

七、预测

import numpy as np

# 采用加载的模型（new_model）来看预测结果
plt.figure(figsize=(18, 3))  # 图形的宽为18高为5
plt.suptitle("预测结果展示")

for images, labels in val_ds.take(1):
    for i in range(8):
        ax = plt.subplot(1,8, i + 1)  
        
        # 显示图片
        plt.imshow(images[i].numpy())
        
        # 需要给图片增加一个维度
        img_array = tf.expand_dims(images[i], 0) 
        
        # 使用模型预测图片中的人物
        predictions = model.predict(img_array)
        plt.title(class_names[np.argmax(predictions)])

        plt.axis("off")

八、个人总结

在训练模型的时候 又出现了动态调整学习率的错误的原因。
我把错误的 和正确的都放在了上面

原因：
在 TensorFlow 2.x 中，tf.keras.optimizers.Adam 的学习率设置和访问方式有所变化。K.set_value 用于获取和设置变量的值，但在 TensorFlow 2.x 中，优化器的学习率已经不再直接暴露为 lr 属性。要调整学习率，可以使用 tf.keras.optimizers.schedules 来创建一个学习率调度器，或者直接修改优化器的学习率属性。
如果仍然希望在每个 epoch 开始时手动调整学习率，可以通过更新优化器的 learning_rate 属性来实现：
这段代码中使用 model.optimizer.learning_rate.assign(lr) 来动态更新学习率。