C++项目练手:矩阵类的功能实现
C++课程设计:矩阵类的相关功能实现
矩阵简述: 实数矩阵是由一个按照长方阵列排列的实数集合。除数据外,两个实数矩阵可以进行加法和乘法运算,一个矩阵也可以和一个实数相乘,得到一个新的矩阵,请基于抽象出的矩阵的属性和方法,定义和实现一个矩阵类,并编写主函数,测试矩阵对象的构造和测试。
功能实现要求:
- 在缺省情况下,构造一个4*4的数据全为0的矩阵
- 可以按给定的行数和列数,构造一个值为全0的矩阵
- 可以使用给定的矩阵构造一个新的矩阵(定义并使用拷贝构造函数)
- 可以获取矩阵中的给定行、列位置的值
- 可以对矩阵中给定行、列位置的元素进行赋值
- 矩阵对象构造完成后,不允许变更矩阵的行数和列数
- 可以获取矩阵对象的行数、列数
- 一个矩阵可以和另一个给定的矩阵进行加法、乘法运算
- 一个矩阵可以和给定的一个实数进行数乘运算
拓展功能实现:
- 在构造函数中,可以使用new构造一个一维实型数组来存储矩阵中的数据
- 根据矩阵相关功能的实现,对+,*,<<,>>,[ ],等相关运算符进行重载和使用
- 实现功能选择显现窗口
- 具有检查错误输入的功能
根据分析项目要求,可将该项目分解成多个模块,包括矩阵类的定义,矩阵类相关成员函数的实现,以及功能选择界面的显示
类的定义如下:
#pragma once
#include<iostream>
#include<iomanip>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
class Matrix { //矩阵类
private:
int x, y; //矩阵的行列
int num[105][105]; //设置二维数组实现矩阵
public:
Matrix();
Matrix(int, int); //矩阵类的构造函数
Matrix(const Matrix& M); //矩阵类的拷贝构造函数
~Matrix(); //矩阵类的析构函数
void OutPutM(); //用类内的成员函数来输出矩阵
void GetMatrix_xy(); //获取矩阵的行列数
void AssMatrix_xy(); //对矩阵的某行某列赋值
void GetMatrix_xyNum(); //获取矩阵某行某列的值
int returnX(); //获取矩阵行数
int returnY(); //获取矩阵列数
int& operator [] (int); //类成员函数,重载"[]"运算符,实现对矩阵下标的访问
friend Matrix operator + (Matrix& a, Matrix& b); //友元函数,重载"+"运算符,实现对矩阵加法的运算
friend Matrix operator * (int num, Matrix a); //友元函数,重载"*"运算符,实现对矩阵乘法的运算
friend Matrix operator * (Matrix a, int num); //友元函数,重载"*"运算符,实现对矩阵乘法的运算
friend Matrix operator * (Matrix& a, Matrix& b); //友元函数,重载"*"运算符,实现矩阵之间乘法的运算
friend ostream& operator << (ostream& outs, const Matrix& a); //重载"<<"流运算符,实现矩阵的输出
friend istream& operator >> (istream& in, Matrix& a); //重载">>"流运算符,实现矩阵的输入
};
类的成员函数以及友元函数定义如下:
#include "Matrix.h"
#include<iostream>
#include<iomanip>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
Matrix::Matrix() { //无参数的构造函数
x = 4;
y = 4;
for (int i = 1; i <= x; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= y; j++) {
num[i][j] = 0;
}
}
}
Matrix::Matrix(int x1 = 4, int y1 = 4) : x(x1),y(y1) { //在缺省的情况下构造一个4*4的基本矩阵
for (int i = 1; i <= x; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j <= y; j++) {
num[i][j] = 0;
}
}
}
Matrix::Matrix(const Matrix& M) { //自定义拷贝构造函数
x = M.x;
y = M.y;
for (int i = 1; i <= x; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= y; j++) {
num[i][j] = M.num[i][j];
}
}
}
Matrix::~Matrix() {} //析构函数
void Matrix::OutPutM() { //用类内的成员函数来输出矩阵
system("cls");
for (int i = 1; i <= x; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= y; j++) {
if (j == 1)
cout << "|" << setw(3) << num[i][j] << setw(3);
else if (j == y)
cout << setw(3) << num[i][j] << setw(3) << "|" << endl;
else
cout << setw(3) << num[i][j]<< setw(3);
}
}
}
void Matrix::GetMatrix_xy() { //获取矩阵的行列数
system("cls");
cout << "该矩阵的行列数:" << endl;
cout << "行数:" << x << " 列数:" << y << endl;
system("pause");
}
void Matrix::AssMatrix_xy() { //对矩阵的某行某列赋值
int x1, y1;
int ans;
start:
cout << "请输入想要赋值矩阵的行,列位置:";
cin >> x1 >> y1;
cout << "请赋值:";
cin >> ans;
if (x1 > x || y1 > y) {
if (x1 > x)
cout << "该矩阵不存在" << x1 << "行" << endl;
if (y1 > y)
cout << "该矩阵不存在" << y1 << "列" << endl;
cout << "请按下任意键,重新返回输入界面" << endl;
system("pause");
goto start;
}
else {
for (int i = 1; i <= x; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= y; j++) {
if (i == x1 && j==y1) {
num[i][j] = ans;
}
}
}
}
}
void Matrix::GetMatrix_xyNum() { //获取矩阵某行某列的值
int x1, y1;
start:
system("cls");
cout << "请输入想要获取赋值矩阵该行该列位置的值:";
cin >> x1 >> y1;
if (x1 > x || y1 > y) {
if (x1 > x)
cout << "该矩阵不存在" << x1 << "行" << endl;
if (y1 > y)
cout << "该矩阵不存在" << y1 << "列" << endl;
cout << "请按下任意键,重新返回输入界面" << endl;
system("pause");
goto start;
}
else {
cout << "矩阵" << x1 << "行" << y1 << "列的值:" << num[x1][y1] << endl;
}
}
int Matrix::returnX() { //获取矩阵行数
return x;
}
int Matrix::returnY() { //获取矩阵列数
return y;
}
int& Matrix::operator [] (int ans) { //类成员函数,重载"[]"运算符,实现对矩阵下标的访问
int x1 = (ans / x) + 1;
int y1 = ans % x;
for (int i = 1; i <= x; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= y; j++) {
if (i == x1 && j == y1)
return num[i][j];
}
}
}
Matrix operator + (Matrix& a,Matrix& b) { //重载"+"运算符,实现对矩阵加法的运算
int x = a.x, y = a.y;
Matrix ans(x, y);
for (int i = 1; i <= x; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= y; j++) {
ans.num[i][j] = a.num[i][j] + b.num[i][j];
}
}
return ans;
}
Matrix operator * (int num,Matrix a) { //重载"*"运算符,实现实数对矩阵的乘法
int x = a.x, y = a.y;
Matrix ans(x, y);
for (int i = 1; i <= x; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= y; j++) {
ans.num[i][j] = num * a.num[i][j];
}
}
return ans;
}
Matrix operator * (Matrix a, int num) { //重载"*"运算符,实现实数对矩阵的乘法
int x = a.x, y = a.y;
Matrix ans(x, y);
for (int i = 1; i <= x; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= y; j++) {
ans.num[i][j] = num * a.num[i][j];
}
}
return ans;
}
Matrix operator * (Matrix& a,Matrix& b) { //友元函数,重载"*"运算符,实现矩阵之间乘法的运算
int x = a.x, y = b.y;
Matrix ans(x, y);
int n = 1;
for (int i = 1; i <= a.x; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= b.y; j++) {
while (n <= b.y) {
ans.num[i][j] += a.num[i][n] * b.num[n][j];
n++;
}
}
n = 1;
}
return ans;
}
ostream& operator << (ostream& outs, const Matrix& a) { //重载"<<"流运算符,实现矩阵的输出
for (int i = 1; i <= a.x; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= a.y; j++) {
if (j == 1)
cout << "|" << setw(3) << a.num[i][j] << setw(3);
else if (j == a.y)
cout << setw(3) << a.num[i][j] << setw(3) << "|" << endl;
else
cout << setw(3) << a.num[i][j] << setw(3);
}
}
return outs;
}
istream& operator >> (istream& in,Matrix& a) { //重载">>"流运算符,实现矩阵的输入
int x = a.x, y = a.y;
for (int i = 1; i <= x; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= y; j++) {
cin >> a.num[i][j];
}
}
return in;
}
主函数代码如下:
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include<Windows.h>
#include"Matrix.h"
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a, b, c, d;
cout << "-----矩阵类的计算-----" << endl;
cout << "请输入矩阵A的行,列数:";
cin >> a >> b;
Matrix A(a, b);
cout << "请输入矩阵A:" << endl;
cin >> A;
cout << "请输入矩阵B的行,列数:";
cin >> c >> d;
Matrix B(c, d);
cout << "请输入矩阵B:" << endl;
cin >> B;
bool judge = true; //judge用来判断循环是否进行
while (judge) {
system("cls");
cout << "-----矩阵类的功能-----" << endl;
cout << "1.获取矩阵的行列数" << endl;
cout << "2.对矩阵的某行某列赋值" << endl;
cout << "3.获取矩阵某行某列的值" << endl;
cout << "4.矩阵之间的运算" << endl;
cout << "5.输出矩阵" << endl;
cout << "6.退出系统" << endl;
cout << endl << "请选择功能:";
int choose;
char ans1, ans2, ans3, ans4_2, ans5;
int ans4;
int ansxA, ansyA, ansxB, ansyB;
cin >> choose;
switch (choose)
{
case 1: //1.获取矩阵的行列数
start1:
system("cls");
cout << "功能1:获取矩阵的行列数" << endl;
cout << "请选择获取A或B的矩阵行列数:";
cin >> ans1;
if (ans1 == 'A') {
A.GetMatrix_xy();
}
else if (ans1 == 'B') {
B.GetMatrix_xy();
}
else {
cout << "错误输入,按任意键将重新返回选择" << endl;
system("pause");
goto start1;
}
break;
case 2: //2.对矩阵的某行某列赋值
start2:
system("cls");
cout << "功能2:对矩阵的某行某列赋值" << endl;
cout << "请选择矩阵A或矩阵B:" << endl;
cin >> ans2;
if (ans2 == 'A') {
cout << A << endl;
A.AssMatrix_xy();
}
else if (ans2 == 'B') {
cout << B << endl;
B.AssMatrix_xy();
}
else {
cout << "错误输入,按任意键将重新返回选择" << endl;
system("pause");
goto start2;
}
break;
case 3: //获取矩阵某行某列的值
start3:
system("cls");
cout << "功能3:获取矩阵某行某列的值" << endl;
cout << "请选择矩阵A或矩阵B:" << endl;
cin >> ans3;
if (ans3 == 'A') {
A.GetMatrix_xyNum();
system("pause");
}
else if (ans3 == 'B') {
B.GetMatrix_xyNum();
system("pause");
}
else {
cout << "错误输入,按任意键将重新返回选择" << endl;
system("pause");
goto start3;
}
break;
case 4: //矩阵之间的运算
start4:
system("cls");
cout << "功能4:矩阵之间的运算" << endl;
cout << "1.矩阵相加" << endl;
cout << "2.实数与矩阵相乘" << endl;
cout << "3.矩阵与矩阵之间相乘" << endl;
cout << endl << "请选择:";
cin >> ans4;
switch (ans4) {
case 1:
ansxA = A.returnX();
ansyA = A.returnY();
ansxB = B.returnX();
ansyB = B.returnY();
if (ansxA != ansxB || ansyA != ansyB) {
cout << "矩阵A与矩阵B的行列不相等,无法相加" << endl;
system("pause");
}
else if (ansxA == ansxB && ansyA == ansyB) {
cout << "A + B = " << endl;
cout << A + B << endl;
system("pause");
}
break;
case 2:
int x;
start4_2:
cout << "请选择被乘矩阵(A或B):";
cin >> ans4_2;
if (ans4_2 == 'A') {
cout << "请输入乘数:";
cin >> x;
cout << x << " * A = " << endl;
cout << x * A << endl;
system("pause");
}
else if (ans4_2 == 'B') {
cout << "请输入乘数:";
cin >> x;
cout << x << " * B = " << endl;
cout << x * B << endl;
system("pause");
}
else {
cout << "错误输入,按任意键将重新返回选择" << endl;
system("pause");
goto start4_2;
}
break;
case 3:
ansyA = A.returnY();
ansxB = B.returnX();
if (ansyA != ansxB) {
cout << "矩阵A的列与矩阵B的行不相等,无法相乘" << endl;
system("pause");
}
else if (ansyA == ansxB) {
cout << "A * B = " << endl;
cout << A * B << endl;
system("pause");
}
break;
default:
cout << "错误输入,按任意键将重新返回选择" << endl;
system("pause");
goto start4;
break;
}
break;
case 5: //输出矩阵
start5:
system("cls");
cout << "请选择输出矩阵(A或B):";
cin >> ans5;
if (ans5 == 'A') {
cout << "矩阵A:" << endl << A << endl;
system("pause");
}
else if (ans5 == 'B') {
cout << "矩阵B:" << endl << B << endl;
system("pause");
}
else {
cout << "错误输入,按任意键将重新返回选择" << endl;
system("pause");
goto start5;
}
break;
case 6: //退出系统
judge = false;
exit(0);
default:
cout << "错误输入,按任意键将重新返回选择" << endl;
system("pause");
break;
}
}
return 0;
}
其中,值得注意的知识点的是输入输出流操作符的重载,将矩阵输出重载到cout之后的流操作符中,具体实现代码如下:
istream& operator >> (istream& in,Matrix& a) { //重载">>"流运算符,实现矩阵的输入
int x = a.x, y = a.y;
for (int i = 1; i <= x; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= y; j++) {
cin >> a.num[i][j];
}
}
return in;
}
ostream& operator << (ostream& outs, const Matrix& a) { //重载"<<"流运算符,实现矩阵的输出
for (int i = 1; i <= a.x; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= a.y; j++) {
if (j == 1)
cout << "|" << setw(3) << a.num[i][j] << setw(3);
else if (j == a.y)
cout << setw(3) << a.num[i][j] << setw(3) << "|" << endl;
else
cout << setw(3) << a.num[i][j] << setw(3);
}
}
return outs;
}
以及矩阵中将下标[ ]运算符通过类成员函数的方式进行重载,实现对矩阵下标访问的功能,代码如下:
int& Matrix::operator [] (int ans) { //类成员函数,重载"[]"运算符,实现对矩阵下标的访问
int x1 = (ans / x) + 1;
int y1 = ans % x;
for (int i = 1; i <= x; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= y; j++) {
if (i == x1 && j == y1)
return num[i][j];
}
}
}
总结:该代码并有没有使用new动态数组进行矩阵的存储,而是采用的二维数组的方式进行存储,其优点在于能够较于理解,但并未具备动态存储的能力