1、传递函数
传递函数是指线性系统输出量的拉氏变换与输入量的拉氏变换之比。记作:
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G(s) = \frac{Y(s)}{X(s)}
G(s)=X(s)Y(s)
Y(s) 为输出量的拉氏变换,X(s)为输入量的拉氏变换;
2、理想运放的两种模型
①时域模型
②S域(复频域)模型
3、带有负反馈的两种模型
这里以最简单的形式来说明:只有单端(同相输入端)输入,单端输出,一条纯阻态反馈回路。
①带有负反馈的时域模型
由上图知,列式如下:
解得: V o u t ( t ) V + ( t ) = A 1 + A F \frac{V_{out}(t)}{V_{+}(t)} =\frac{A}{1+AF} V+(t)Vout(t)=1+AFA
即: V o u t ( t ) V + ( t ) = 1 1 A + F \frac{V_{out}(t)}{V_{+}(t)} =\frac{1}{\frac{1}{A}+F} V+(t)Vout(t)=A1+F1
理想状态下,A → +∞,也就是说, 1 A \frac{1}{A} A1→0:
A ( t ) = V o u t ( t ) V + ( t ) ∣ A → + ∞ = 1 F A_{(t)}=\frac{V_{out}(t)}{V_{+}(t)}\vert_ {A → +∞}= \frac{1}{F} A(t)=V+(t)Vout(t)∣A→+∞=F1
由此公式得到深度负反馈的实质:表明放大倍数几乎决定于反馈网络,与其他条件无关。
②带有负反馈的S域模型
列式如下:
解得: V o u t ( s ) V + ( s ) = G 1 + G F \frac{V_{out}(s)}{V_{+}(s)}= \frac{G}{1+GF} V+(s)Vout(s)=1+GFG
即: G ( s ) = V o u t ( s ) V + ( s ) = 1 1 G + F G(s)=\frac{V_{out}(s)}{V_{+}(s)}= \frac{1}{\frac{1}{G}+F} G(s)=V+(s)Vout(s)=G1+F1
G → +∞: G ( s ) = V o u t ( s ) V + ( s ) = 1 1 G + F ∣ G → + ∞ = 1 F G(s) = \frac{V_{out}(s)}{V_{+}(s)}= \frac{1}{\frac{1}{G}+F}\vert_{G→+∞} = \frac{1}{F} G(s)=V+(s)Vout(s)=G1+F1∣G→+∞=F1
4、传递函数的求解
由上面推出的G(s)知,反馈量为R2上分得的电压,列式得:
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G × V_+(s) + G × [- V_{out}(s) ×\frac{R_2}{R_1 + R_2} ] = V_{out}(s)
G×V+(s)+G×[−Vout(s)×R1+R2R2]=Vout(s)
即传递函数为:
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G(s) = \frac{V_{out}(s)}{V_{+}(s)} = 1+\frac{R_1}{R_2}
G(s)=V+(s)Vout(s)=1+R2R1
如若反馈回路中有其他容性或者感性元件,分析方法与上述类似。.
5、注意
上面
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G(s) = \frac{V_{out}(s)}{V_{+}(s)}
G(s)=V+(s)Vout(s)
可变形为:
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V_{out}(s) = V_+(s) × G(s)
Vout(s)=V+(s)×G(s)
即:
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V_{out}(s) = V_+(s) × (1 + \frac{R_1}{R_2})
Vout(s)=V+(s)×(1+R2R1)
G(s)为常数,取等式两边拉普拉斯逆变换,得到时域方程:
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V_{out}(t) = V_+(t) × (1 + \frac{R_1}{R_2})
Vout(t)=V+(t)×(1+R2R1)
这里就比较容易混淆了,按照下图所示:
时域中:
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V_{out}(t) = V_+(t) * H(t) ······· H(t)为系统的冲激响应
Vout(t)=V+(t)∗H(t)⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅H(t)为系统的冲激响应
频域中:
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V_{out}(s) = V_+(s) × G(s) ···············G(s)为传递函数
Vout(s)=V+(s)×G(s)⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅G(s)为传递函数
又:
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V_{out}(t) = V_+(t) × ( 1 + \frac{R_1}{R_2} )
Vout(t)=V+(t)×(1+R2R1)
所以很多人,就把
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1+\frac{R_1}{R_2}
1+R2R1与H(t)弄混淆,当成同一个东西。其实也可以想一想,输入信号
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1+R2R1相乘,
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V+(t)与H(t)相卷积,前后二者得到的结果并不一样,这样就可以分辨清楚了。
其实:
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H(t) = [ 1+\frac{R_1}{R_2} ] \delta(t)
H(t)=[1+R2R1]δ(t)
我们可以推算一遍:
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V_{out}(t) = V_+(t) * H(t)
Vout(t)=V+(t)∗H(t)则:
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V_{out}(t) =\int_{+∞}^{-\infty} V_+(\tau) × H(t - \tau) d\tau
Vout(t)=∫+∞−∞V+(τ)×H(t−τ)dτ
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V_{out}(t) =\int_{+∞}^{-\infty} V_+(\tau) × [ 1+\frac{R_1}{R_2} ] \delta(t-\tau) d\tau
Vout(t)=∫+∞−∞V+(τ)×[1+R2R1]δ(t−τ)dτ
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V_{out}(t) =(1+\frac{R_1}{R_2} )\int_{+∞}^{-\infty} V_+(\tau) × \delta(t-\tau) d\tau
Vout(t)=(1+R2R1)∫+∞−∞V+(τ)×δ(t−τ)dτ
由冲激函数的性质得到
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\int_{+∞}^{-\infty} V_+(\tau) × \delta(t-\tau) d\tau = V_+(t)
∫+∞−∞V+(τ)×δ(t−τ)dτ=V+(t)
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V_{out}(t) = V_+(t) × (1 + \frac{R_1}{R_2} )
Vout(t)=V+(t)×(1+R2R1)