Mosh Python 学习笔记 9-2 Python Standard Library

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_53094330/article/details/125303317

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Mosh Python 学习笔记 9-2 Python Standard Library

9.9 Working with Timestamps
9.10 Working with DateTimes
9.11 Working with Time Deltas
9.12 Generating Random Values
9.13 Opening the Browser
9.14 Sending Emails
9.15 Templates
9.16 Command-line Arguments
9.17 Running External Programs

9.9 Working with Timestamps

timestamps的用法如下：

# get the current system time
time.time()

9.10 Working with DateTimes

datetime的用法如下：

from datetime import datetime
import time

datetime(2022, 1, 1)

# to parse the string into datetime object
datetime.strptime("2022/01/01", "%Y/%m/%d")

# convert timestamp into datetime
dt = datetime.fromtimestamp(time.time())

dt.year
dt.month
# from datetime object into string
dt.strftime()

9.11 Working with Time Deltas

timedelta deals with time durations. for example, the ‘duration’ below is a timedelta object:

from datetime import datetime, timedelta
dt1 = datetime(2022, 1, 1)
dt2 = datetime.now()
duration = dt2 - dt1
# .days attribute represents how many days in a timedelta
# object
duration.days
# .seconds attribute represents the rest seconds besides
# days
duration.seconds
# total_seconds() converts the time duration into seconds
duration.total_seconds()

one can also add timedelta object to a timestamp object, like

# add one day to 1st Jan, 2022
datetime(2022, 1, 1) + timedelta(1)
# add days and seconds
datetime(2022, 1, 1) + timedelta(days=1, seconds=1)

9.12 Generating Random Values

random用法如下：

import random
import string
# generate a random number between 0 and 1
print(random.random())
# generate a random number between 1 and 10
print(random.randint(1, 10))
# generate a random number in the array
print(random.choice([1, 2, 3, 4]))
# generate 2 random numbers in the array
print(random.choices([1, 2, 3, 4], k=2))
# generate 4 random charaters with given string
# string object has a join method which can join strings
# together
# the content in "" considered as seperator
# string.ascii_letters and string.digits can get all
# characters and numbers
print("".join(random.choices(string.ascii_letters + string.digits, k=4)))
# shuffle array
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]
random.shuffle(numbers)

9.13 Opening the Browser

用python打开一个网页的操作是：

import webbrowser
print("Develoyment completed")
webbrowser.open("http://baidu.com")

9.14 Sending Emails

使用python发送邮件的方法，以qq邮箱为例：

from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.image import MIMEImage
from pathlib import Path
import smtplib

# 配置message，需要注意的是from后面需要填写完整的发件邮箱
# message.attach()后是邮件的正文内容
# MIMEImage()可以在邮件中显示一张图片，但需注意它需要的是二进制的输入
message = MIMEMultipart()
message["from"] = "xxxxxxx@qq.com"
message["to"] = "xxxxxxxx@icloud.com"
message["subject"] = "For the learn of python"
message.attach(MIMEText("Body"))
message.attach(MIMEImage(Path("xxxx.png").read_bytes()))

# 真正在发送邮件时可能会出现各种error，需要raise特定的error
# qq邮箱465的port似乎不能连接，这里使用了qq邮箱给出的第二个
# smtp.ehlo()和smtp.startls()是smtp约定俗成的protocol
# smtp.login()要输入发件箱和qq邮箱给出的授权码，对于其他邮箱可能是密码即可
with smtplib.SMTP(host="smtp.qq.com", port=587) as smtp:
    smtp.ehlo()
    smtp.starttls()
    smtp.login("xxxxxxxxx@qq.com", "xxxxxxxxxxx")
    smtp.send_message(message)
    print("Sent...")

9.15 Templates

使用templates自动生成邮件内容:

在文件夹中创建template.html文件
在文件夹中写入template的内容，如：

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

<head>

</head>

<body>
    Hi <strong>$name</strong>, this is our test email.
</body>

</html>

$name为想要替换的内容
将<strong></strong>放在想要使其加粗的文字两侧

编辑主代码，以上一章节的代码内容为例，添加以下：

from pathlib import Path
from string import Template

# .substitute()可以接受dictionary也可以直接赋值，如
# name="John"
# 在body后注明template使用的是html
body = template.substitute({"name": "John"})
message.attach(MIMEText(body, "html"))

9.16 Command-line Arguments

在terminal输入以下代码可以给文件添加arguments

python app.py -a -b -c

可以利用argv给arguments赋值，例如：

import sys

# 每个文件至少有一个argument，即为文件名
if len(sys.argv) == 1:
    print("USAGE: python3 app.py <password>")
else:
    password = sys.argv[1]
    print("Password", password)

如果没有添加过arguments，无法给其赋值

9.17 Running External Programs

使用python调取其他程序，假设程序other.py，调取方法如下：

import subprocess

# use capter_output_True to store the result in .stout
completed = subprocess.run(["python3", "other.py"],
                           capture_output=True,
                           text=True)

print(completed.stdout)