文章目录
1.导数基本公式
(1)三角函数篇
( sin x ) ′ = cos x ( cos x ) ′ = − sin x ( tan x ) ′ = 1 cos 2 x \begin{aligned}(\sin x)'&=\cos x\\\\(\cos x)'&=- \sin x\\\\(\tan x)'&= \frac {1}{\cos^2x}\\ \end{aligned} (sinx)′(cosx)′(tanx)′=cosx=−sinx=cos2x1
(2)指数对数篇
( e x ) ′ = e x ( ln x ) ′ = 1 x \begin{aligned}&(e^x)'=e^x\\\\&(\ln x)'= \frac 1 x \end{aligned} (ex)′=ex(lnx)′=x1
注意:
( a x ) ′ = a x ln a , ( log a x ) ′ = 1 x ln a (a^x)'=a^x\ln a,~(\log _ax)'= \frac 1 {x\ln a} (ax)′=axlna, (logax)′=xlna1
这一点出现在2021年四川高考,有的同学直接不会。
实际上, ( a x ) ′ = [ ( e ln a ) x ] ′ = ( e x ln a ) ′ = ln a ⋅ a x (a^x)'=[(e^{\ln a})^x]'=(e^{x\ln a})'=\ln a\cdot a^x (ax)′=[(elna)x]′=(exlna)′=lna⋅ax
P r a . 1.1 Pra.1.1 Pra.1.1[2021全国甲卷]
已知 a > 0 , a ≠ 1 , f ( x ) = x a a x ( x > 0 ) a>0,a \neq 1, f(x)=\frac {x^a} {a^x} ~(x>0) a>0,a=1,f(x)=axxa (x>0)
(1)当 a = 2 a=2 a=2时,求 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)的单调区间;
(2)若曲线 y = f ( x ) y=f(x) y=f(x)与直线 y = 1 y=1 y=1仅有两个交点,求 a a a的取值范围.
- S o l u t i o n Solution Solution:单调区间: ( 0 , 2 ln 2 ) (0,\frac 2 {\ln 2}) (0,ln22)单增, ( 2 ln 2 ) (\frac 2 {\ln 2}) (ln22)单减; a ∈ ( 1 , e ) ∪ ( e , + ∞ ) a\in(1,e)\cup(e,+\infty) a∈(1,e)∪(e,+∞)
(3)幂函数
( x α ) ′ = α x α − 1 (x^ \alpha)' = \alpha x^{\alpha - 1} (xα)′=αxα−1
(4)求导法则
[ f ( x ) g ( x ) ] ′ = f ′ ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) [f(x)g(x)]'=f'(x)g(x)+f(x)g'(x) [f(x)g(x)]′=f′(x)g(x)+f(x)g′(x)
( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) ′ = f ′ ( x ) g ( x ) − f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) g 2 ( x ) ( \frac{f(x)}{g(x)})'=\frac {f'(x)g(x)-f(x)g'(x)}{g^2(x)} (g(x)f(x))′=g2(x)f′(x)g(x)−f(x)g′(x)
( f [ g ( x ) ] ) ′ = f ′ ( g ( x ) ) ⋅ g ′ ( x ) (f[g(x)])'=f'(g(x)) \cdot g'(x) (f[g(x)])′=f′(g(x))⋅g′(x) [链导法则]
(4-1)番外篇:逆构造
4.1.1 [幂函数模型]
形式 | 构造的函数 |
---|---|
x f ′ ( x ) + f ( x ) xf'(x)+f(x) xf′(x)+f(x) | F ( x ) = x f ( x ) F(x)=xf(x) F(x)=xf(x) |
x f ′ ( x ) − f ( x ) xf'(x)-f(x) xf′(x)−f(x) | F ( x ) = f ( x ) x F(x)=\frac{f(x)}{x} F(x)=xf(x) |
当然,如果乘除的不是 x x x,而是 x n x^n xn,可以扩展为:
形式 | 构造的函数 |
---|---|
x f ′ ( x ) + n f ( x ) xf'(x)+nf(x) xf′(x)+nf(x) | F ( x ) = x n f ( x ) F(x)=x^nf(x) F(x)=xnf(x) |
x f ′ ( x ) − n f ( x ) xf'(x)-nf(x) xf′(x)−nf(x) | F ( x ) = f ( x ) x n F(x)=\frac{f(x)}{x^n} F(x)=xnf(x) |
P r a . 1.2 Pra.1.2 Pra.1.2
已知函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 R \R R上可导且 x f ′ ( x ) + f ( x ) > 0 xf'(x)+f(x)>0 xf′(x)+f(x)>0恒成立,设 b > a > 0 b>a>0 b>a>0,则:
A. a f ( b ) < b f ( a ) af(b)<bf(a) af(b)<bf(a) B. b f ( a ) < a f ( b ) bf(a)<af(b) bf(a)<af(b) C. a f ( a ) < b f ( b ) af(a)<bf(b) af(a)<bf(b) D. b f ( b ) < a f ( a ) bf(b)<af(a) bf(b)<af(a)
- S o l u t i o n Solution Solution:C
P r a . 1.3 Pra.1.3 Pra.1.3
已知函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 ( 0 , + ∞ ) (0,+\infty) (0,+∞)上非负且可导,且 x f ′ ( x ) − f ( x ) ≤ 0 xf'(x)-f(x)\leq 0 xf′(x)−f(x)≤0恒成立,设 b > a > 0 b>a>0 b>a>0,则:
A. a f ( b ) ≤ b f ( a ) af(b)\leq bf(a) af(b)≤bf(a) B. b f ( a ) ≤ a f ( b ) bf(a)\leq af(b) bf(a)≤af(b) C. a f ( a ) ≤ b f ( b ) af(a)\leq bf(b) af(a)≤bf(b) D. b f ( b ) ≤ a f ( a ) bf(b)\leq af(a) bf(b)≤af(a)
- S o l u t i o n Solution Solution:A
P r a . 1.4 Pra.1.4 Pra.1.4
已知函数 f ( x + 2 ) f(x+2) f(x+2)是偶函数,且 x > 2 x>2 x>2时 x ′ f ( x ) > 2 f ′ ( x ) + f ( x ) x'f(x)>2f'(x)+f(x) x′f(x)>2f′(x)+f(x),则:
A. 2 f ( 1 ) < f ( 4 ) 2f(1)<f(4) 2f(1)<f(4) B. 2 f ( 2 3 ) > f ( 3 ) 2f(\frac 2 3)>f(3) 2f(32)>f(3) C. f ( 0 ) < 4 f ( 2 5 ) f(0)<4f(\frac 2 5) f(0)<4f(52) D. f ( 1 ) < f ( 3 ) f(1)<f(3) f(1)<f(3)
- S o l u t i o n Solution Solution:A
P r a . 1.5 Pra.1.5 Pra.1.5
已知函数
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)是
(
−
∞
,
0
)
(-\infty,0)
(−∞,0)上的可导函数,且
3
f
(
x
)
+
x
f
′
(
x
)
<
0
3f(x)+xf'(x)<0
3f(x)+xf′(x)<0,求不等式:
(
x
+
2016
)
3
f
(
x
+
2016
)
+
8
f
(
−
2
)
<
0
(x+2016)^3f(x+2016)+8f(-2)<0
(x+2016)3f(x+2016)+8f(−2)<0
的解集。
- S o l u t i o n Solution Solution: ( − 2018 , − 2016 ) (-2018,-2016) (−2018,−2016)
4.1.2 [指数函数模型]
形式 | 构造的函数 |
---|---|
f ( x ) + f ′ ( x ) f(x)+f'(x) f(x)+f′(x) | F ( x ) = e x f ( x ) F(x)=e^xf(x) F(x)=exf(x) |
f ′ ( x ) − f ( x ) f'(x)-f(x) f′(x)−f(x) | F ( x ) = f ( x ) e x F(x)=\frac{f(x)}{e^x} F(x)=exf(x) |
P r a . 1.6 Pra.1.6 Pra.1.6
已知
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)为
R
\R
R上的可导函数, 且
∀
x
∈
R
\forall x \in \R
∀x∈R , 均有
f
(
x
)
>
f
′
(
x
)
f(x)>f^{\prime}(x)
f(x)>f′(x) , 则有:
A
.
e
2016
f
(
−
2016
)
<
f
(
0
)
,
f
(
2016
)
>
e
2016
f
(
0
)
B
.
e
2016
f
(
−
2016
)
<
f
(
0
)
,
f
(
2016
)
<
e
2016
f
(
0
)
C
.
e
2016
f
(
−
2016
)
>
f
(
0
)
,
f
(
2016
)
>
e
2016
f
(
0
)
D
.
e
2016
f
(
−
2016
)
>
f
(
0
)
,
f
(
2016
)
<
e
2016
f
(
0
)
\begin{aligned} A. \mathrm{e}^{2016} f(-2016)<f(0), f(2016)>\mathrm{e}^{2016} f(0) \\ B. \mathrm{e}^{2016} f(-2016)<f(0), f(2016)<\mathrm{e}^{2016} f(0) \\ C. \mathrm{e}^{2016} f(-2016)>f(0), f(2016)>\mathrm{e}^{2016} f(0) \\ D. \mathrm{e}^{2016} f(-2016)>f(0), f(2016)<\mathrm{e}^{2016} f(0) \end{aligned}
A.e2016f(−2016)<f(0),f(2016)>e2016f(0)B.e2016f(−2016)<f(0),f(2016)<e2016f(0)C.e2016f(−2016)>f(0),f(2016)>e2016f(0)D.e2016f(−2016)>f(0),f(2016)<e2016f(0)
- S o l u t i o n Solution Solution:D
4.1.3 [三角函数模型]
形式 | 构造的函数 |
---|---|
f ( x ) + f ′ ( x ) tan x f(x)+f'(x)\tan x f(x)+f′(x)tanx | F ( x ) = sin x f ( x ) F(x)=\sin xf(x) F(x)=sinxf(x) |
f ( x ) − f ′ ( x ) tan x f(x)-f'(x)\tan x f(x)−f′(x)tanx | F ( x ) = f ( x ) sin x F(x)=\frac{f(x)}{\sin x} F(x)=sinxf(x) |
f ′ ( x ) − f ( x ) tan x f'(x)-f(x)\tan x f′(x)−f(x)tanx | F ( x ) = cos x f ( x ) F(x)=\cos xf(x) F(x)=cosxf(x) |
f ′ ( x ) + f ( x ) tan x f'(x)+f(x)\tan x f′(x)+f(x)tanx | F ( x ) = f ( x ) cos x F(x)=\frac{f(x)}{\cos x} F(x)=cosxf(x) |
此处不再给出例题。
[注意] 含 tan x \tan x tanx类型有四种!四种类型分别是 sin x , cos x \sin x,\cos x sinx,cosx的乘或除。
4.1.4 [逆构造之构造常函数]
简而言之,寻找最特殊的满足题意的函数,如:
P
r
a
.
1.5
Pra.1.5
Pra.1.5
3
f
(
x
)
+
x
f
′
(
x
)
<
0
,
x
<
0
3f(x)+xf'(x)<0,x<0
3f(x)+xf′(x)<0,x<0
直接令
f
(
x
)
=
−
1
f(x)=-1
f(x)=−1即可,于是:
(
x
+
2016
)
3
×
(
−
1
)
+
8
×
(
−
1
)
<
0
(x+2016)^3\times(-1)+8\times(-1)<0
(x+2016)3×(−1)+8×(−1)<0
只需要
(
x
+
2016
)
3
>
−
8
(x+2016)^3>-8
(x+2016)3>−8,且
x
+
2016
<
0
x+2016<0
x+2016<0,解出
x
x
x即可,略。
其余题目均可如此尝试。
如果构造常函数失败可以尝试构造一次函数,如果失败采用一般解法。