文章目录
12.极值点偏移&&拐点偏移
(1)对数均值不等式
均值不等式链
a
,
b
>
0
,
a
≠
b
a,b>0,a \neq b
a,b>0,a=b,有:
2
1
a
+
1
b
<
a
b
<
b
−
a
ln
b
−
ln
a
<
a
+
b
2
\frac {2}{\frac 1 a + \frac 1 b}<\sqrt{ab}<\frac{b-a}{\ln b-\ln a}<\frac {a+b} 2
a1+b12<ab<lnb−lnab−a<2a+b
即:调和均值<几何均值<对数均值<算术均值(两个数不等时)
P r a . 12.1 Pra.12.1 Pra.12.1
已知 f ( x ) = x e − x f(x)=xe^{-x} f(x)=xe−x,若 x 1 ≠ x 2 , f ( x 1 ) = f ( x 2 ) x_1 \neq x_2,f(x_1)=f(x_2) x1=x2,f(x1)=f(x2),证明: x 1 + x 2 > 2 x_1+x_2>2 x1+x2>2
- S o l u t i o n Solution Solution:已知条件取对数得对数均值为2,几何均值大于对数均值即可。
P r a . 12.2 Pra.12.2 Pra.12.2
设 f ( x ) = e x − a x + a f(x)=e^x-ax+a f(x)=ex−ax+a的两个零点为 x 1 , x 2 , x 1 < x 2 x_1,x_2,x_1<x_2 x1,x2,x1<x2,证明: f ′ ( x 1 x 2 ) < 0 f'(\sqrt {x_1 x_2})<0 f′(x1x2)<0
- S o l u t i o n Solution Solution:由题意:
e x 1 − a x 1 + a = 0 , e x 2 − a x 2 + a = 0 e^{x_{1}}-a x_{1}+a=0, e^{x_{2}}-a x_{2}+a=0 ex1−ax1+a=0,ex2−ax2+a=0
移项可得:
x
1
=
ln
(
x
1
−
1
)
+
ln
a
x
2
=
ln
(
x
2
−
1
)
+
ln
a
\begin{aligned} &x_{1}=\ln \left(x_{1}-1\right)+\ln a \\ & x_{2}=\ln \left(x_{2}-1\right)+\ln a \end{aligned}
x1=ln(x1−1)+lnax2=ln(x2−1)+lna
两式相减得:
x
1
−
x
2
=
ln
(
x
1
−
1
)
−
ln
(
x
2
−
1
)
x_{1}-x_{2}=\ln \left(x_{1}-1\right)-\ln \left(x_{2}-1\right)
x1−x2=ln(x1−1)−ln(x2−1)
即:
(
x
1
−
1
)
−
(
x
2
−
1
)
ln
(
x
1
−
1
)
−
ln
(
x
2
−
1
)
=
1
\frac{\left(x_{1}-1\right)-\left(x_{2}-1\right)}{\ln \left(x_{1}-1\right)-\ln \left(x_{2}-1\right)}=1
ln(x1−1)−ln(x2−1)(x1−1)−(x2−1)=1
均值不等式有:
(
x
1
−
1
)
(
x
2
−
1
)
<
(
x
1
−
1
)
−
(
x
2
−
1
)
ln
(
x
1
−
1
)
−
ln
(
x
2
−
1
)
=
1
\sqrt{\left(x_{1}-1\right)\left(x_{2}-1\right)}<\frac{\left(x_{1}-1\right)-\left(x_{2}-1\right)}{\ln \left(x_{1}-1\right)-\ln \left(x_{2}-1\right)}=1
(x1−1)(x2−1)<ln(x1−1)−ln(x2−1)(x1−1)−(x2−1)=1
所以:
ln
(
x
1
−
1
)
(
x
2
−
1
)
<
0
\ln \left(x_{1}-1\right)\left(x_{2}-1\right)<0
ln(x1−1)(x2−1)<0
移项式子相加得:
x
1
+
x
2
=
2
ln
a
+
ln
(
x
1
−
1
)
(
x
2
−
1
)
<
2
ln
a
x_{1}+x_{2}=2 \ln a+\ln \left(x_{1}-1\right)\left(x_{2}-1\right)<2 \ln a
x1+x2=2lna+ln(x1−1)(x2−1)<2lna
所以:
x
1
x
2
<
x
1
+
x
2
2
<
ln
a
\sqrt{x_{1} x_{2}}<\frac{x_{1}+x_{2}}{2}<\ln a
x1x2<2x1+x2<lna
而函数
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
(
−
∞
,
ln
a
)
(-\infty, \ln a)
(−∞,lna)单调递减
⇒
f
′
(
x
1
x
2
)
<
0
\Rightarrow f^{\prime}\left(\sqrt{x_{1} x_{2}}\right)<0
⇒f′(x1x2)<0
P r a . 12.3 Pra.12.3 Pra.12.3
f
(
x
)
=
x
ln
x
f(x)=x\ln x
f(x)=xlnx与直线
y
=
m
y=m
y=m交于
(
x
1
,
y
1
)
,
(
x
2
,
y
2
)
(x_1,y_1),(x_2,y_2)
(x1,y1),(x2,y2),证明:
0
<
x
1
x
2
<
1
e
2
0<x_1x_2<\frac 1 {e^2}
0<x1x2<e21
- S o l u t i o n Solution Solution:易得 m < 0 m<0 m<0,同 P r a . 12.2 Pra.12.2 Pra.12.2中,取对数后两式子相加减,由算术均值>对数均值即可。
(2)构造对称函数
步骤:
求出极值点,双变量根据单调性化单变量,构造对称函数,整体求导得答案
P r a . 12.4 Pra.12.4 Pra.12.4
已知 f ( x ) = x e − x f(x)=xe^{-x} f(x)=xe−x,若 x 1 ≠ x 2 , f ( x 1 ) = f ( x 2 ) x_1 \neq x_2,f(x_1)=f(x_2) x1=x2,f(x1)=f(x2),证明: x 1 + x 2 > 2 x_1+x_2>2 x1+x2>2
- S o l u t i o n Solution Solution:求导得函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 ( − ∞ , 1 ) (-\infty,1) (−∞,1)递增, ( 1 , + ∞ ) (1,+\infty) (1,+∞)递减
此处我们先写出:
f
′
(
x
)
=
1
−
x
e
x
f'(x)=\frac{1-x}{e^x}
f′(x)=ex1−x
易得
0
<
x
1
<
1
,
x
2
>
1
0<x_1<1,x_2>1
0<x1<1,x2>1,原题目证明式子等价于
x
2
>
2
−
x
1
x_2>2-x_1
x2>2−x1
考虑到 x 2 , 2 − x 1 ∈ ( 1 , + ∞ ) x_2,2-x_1\in(1,+\infty) x2,2−x1∈(1,+∞),所以等价于 f ( x 2 ) < f ( 2 − x 1 ) f(x_2)<f(2-x_1) f(x2)<f(2−x1)
化单变量: f ( x 1 ) − f ( 2 − x 1 ) < 0 , 0 < x 1 < 1 f(x_1)-f(2-x_1)<0,0<x_1<1 f(x1)−f(2−x1)<0,0<x1<1
构造对称函数 g ( x ) = f ( x ) − f ( 2 − x ) , 0 < x < 1 g(x)=f(x)-f(2-x),0<x<1 g(x)=f(x)−f(2−x),0<x<1
考虑到
g
(
1
)
=
0
g(1)=0
g(1)=0,整体求导:
g
′
(
x
)
=
f
′
(
x
)
+
f
′
(
2
−
x
)
=
1
−
x
e
x
+
x
−
1
e
2
−
x
g'(x)=f'(x)+f'(2-x)=\frac{1-x}{e^x}+\frac{x-1}{e^{2-x}}
g′(x)=f′(x)+f′(2−x)=ex1−x+e2−xx−1
证明
g
′
(
x
)
>
0
g'(x)>0
g′(x)>0即可,而这是显然的。
P r a . 12.5 Pra.12.5 Pra.12.5
设 f ( x ) = e x − a x + a f(x)=e^x-ax+a f(x)=ex−ax+a的两个零点为 x 1 , x 2 , x 1 < x 2 x_1,x_2,x_1<x_2 x1,x2,x1<x2,证明: f ′ ( x 1 x 2 ) < 0 f'(\sqrt {x_1 x_2})<0 f′(x1x2)<0
- S o l u t i o n Solution Solution:加强证明 x 1 + x 2 < 2 ln a x_1+x_2<2\ln a x1+x2<2lna
根据题意显然 x 1 < ln a < x 2 x_1<\ln a<x_2 x1<lna<x2,函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 ( − ∞ , ln a ) (-\infty,\ln a) (−∞,lna)递减, ( ln a , + ∞ ) (\ln a,+\infty) (lna,+∞)递增
上不等式转化为: x 2 < 2 ln a − x 1 x_2<2\ln a-x_1 x2<2lna−x1,而 x 2 , 2 ln a − x 1 ∈ ( ln a , + ∞ ) x_2,2\ln a-x_1\in(\ln a,+\infty) x2,2lna−x1∈(lna,+∞),
所以转化为: f ( x 2 ) < f ( 2 ln a − x 1 ) f(x_2)<f(2\ln a-x_1) f(x2)<f(2lna−x1),
即: f ( x 1 ) − f ( 2 ln a − x 1 ) < 0 f(x_1)-f(2\ln a-x_1)<0 f(x1)−f(2lna−x1)<0,
构造函数 g ( x ) = f ( x ) − f ( 2 ln a − x ) , x < ln a g(x)=f(x)-f(2\ln a-x),x<\ln a g(x)=f(x)−f(2lna−x),x<lna
边界 g ( ln a ) = 0 g(\ln a)=0 g(lna)=0,期望 g ′ ( x ) > 0 g'(x)>0 g′(x)>0
[均值不等式 a + b > 2 a b , a ≠ b a+b>2\sqrt{ab},a\neq b a+b>2ab,a=b]:
而 g ′ ( x ) = f ′ ( x ) + f ( 2 ln a − x ) = e x + e 2 ln a − x − 2 a > 2 ( e 2 ln a ) − 2 a = 0 g'(x)=f'(x)+f(2\ln a-x)=e^{x}+e^{2\ln a-x}-2a>2(e^{2\ln a})-2a=0 g′(x)=f′(x)+f(2lna−x)=ex+e2lna−x−2a>2(e2lna)−2a=0
证毕。
(3)作差or作比换元
P r a . 12.6 Pra.12.6 Pra.12.6
已知 x 1 , x 2 x_1,x_2 x1,x2是函数 f ( x ) = e x − a x f(x)=e^x-ax f(x)=ex−ax的两个零点且 x 1 < x 2 x_1<x_2 x1<x2,
证明: x 1 + x 2 > 2 x_1+x_2>2 x1+x2>2且 x 1 x 2 < 1 x_1x_2<1 x1x2<1
- S o l u t i o n Solution Solution:不妨令 x 1 < x 2 x_1<x_2 x1<x2,显然 x 1 > 0 x_1>0 x1>0
令:
t
=
x
2
x
1
>
1
⇒
x
2
=
t
x
1
t=\frac{x_2}{x_1}>1\Rightarrow x_2=tx_1
t=x1x2>1⇒x2=tx1
有:
t
x
1
e
−
t
x
1
=
x
1
e
−
x
tx_1e^{-tx_1}=x_1e^{-x}
tx1e−tx1=x1e−x
所以:
{
x
1
=
ln
t
t
−
1
x
2
=
t
ln
t
t
−
1
\left\{ \begin{aligned} x_1=\frac{\ln t}{t-1}\\ x_2=\frac{t\ln t}{t-1} \end{aligned}\right.
⎩
⎨
⎧x1=t−1lntx2=t−1tlnt
化为
t
t
t的不等式证明即可,相乘时注意对
t
\sqrt{t}
t整体换元,略。
P r a . 12.7 Pra.12.7 Pra.12.7
已知函数 f ( x ) = x 2 − a ln x f(x)=x^2-a\ln x f(x)=x2−alnx,极值点为 x 0 x_0 x0,零点为 x 1 , x 2 ( x 1 < x 2 ) x_1,x_2(x_1<x_2) x1,x2(x1<x2).
求证:
x
1
+
3
x
2
>
4
x
0
x_1+3x_2>4x_0
x1+3x2>4x0
- S o l u t i o n Solution Solution:令:
t = x 2 x 1 ⇒ x 2 = t x 1 ( t > 1 ) t=\frac{x_2}{x_1}\Rightarrow x_2=tx_1(t>1) t=x1x2⇒x2=tx1(t>1)
有:
x
1
2
−
a
ln
x
1
=
t
2
x
1
2
−
a
ln
t
x
1
x_1^2-a\ln x_1=t^2x_1^2-a\ln tx_1
x12−alnx1=t2x12−alntx1
于是:
x
1
2
=
a
ln
t
t
2
−
1
x_1^2=\frac{a\ln t}{t^2-1}
x12=t2−1alnt
易知:
x
0
=
a
2
x_0=\sqrt\frac{a}{2}
x0=2a
原证明式化为:
(
1
+
3
t
)
x
1
<
4
a
2
(1+3t)x_1<4\sqrt\frac{a}{2}
(1+3t)x1<42a
平方即证明:
(
1
+
3
t
)
2
x
1
2
<
8
a
⇔
(
1
+
3
t
)
2
ln
t
−
8
t
2
+
8
>
0
⇔
ln
t
−
8
(
t
2
−
1
)
(
1
+
3
t
)
2
>
0
[
指数处理技巧
]
\begin{aligned} (1+3t)^2x_1^2<8a&\Leftrightarrow (1+3t)^2\ln t-8t^2+8>0\\ &\Leftrightarrow\ln t-\frac{8(t^2-1)}{(1+3t)^2}>0 ~[指数处理技巧] \end{aligned}
(1+3t)2x12<8a⇔(1+3t)2lnt−8t2+8>0⇔lnt−(1+3t)28(t2−1)>0 [指数处理技巧]
注意到
ln
t
−
8
(
t
2
−
1
)
(
1
+
3
t
)
2
>
t
−
1
t
−
8
(
t
2
−
1
)
(
1
+
3
t
)
2
=
(
t
−
1
)
9
t
2
−
2
t
−
7
t
(
1
+
3
t
)
2
=
(
t
−
1
)
2
9
t
+
7
t
(
1
+
3
t
)
2
>
0
\begin{aligned} \ln t-\frac{8(t^2-1)}{(1+3t)^2}>&\frac{t-1}{t}-\frac{8(t^2-1)}{(1+3t)^2}\\ &=(t-1)\frac{9t^2-2t-7}{t(1+3t)^2}\\ &={(t-1)^2}\frac{9t+7}{t(1+3t)^2}>0 \end{aligned}
lnt−(1+3t)28(t2−1)>tt−1−(1+3t)28(t2−1)=(t−1)t(1+3t)29t2−2t−7=(t−1)2t(1+3t)29t+7>0
用到了放缩:
ln
x
≥
x
−
1
x
(
x
>
0
)
[
等号在
x
=
1
取得
]
\ln x\geq\frac{x-1}{x}(x>0)[等号在x=1取得]
lnx≥xx−1(x>0)[等号在x=1取得]
(4)简单放缩
P r a . 12.7 Pra.12.7 Pra.12.7
若
g
(
x
)
=
x
ln
x
−
a
2
x
2
−
x
(
a
∈
R
)
g(x)=x\ln x-\frac a 2 x^2-x~(a\in R)
g(x)=xlnx−2ax2−x (a∈R)有两个相异的极值点
x
1
,
x
2
x_1,x_2
x1,x2)证明:
1
ln
x
1
+
1
ln
x
2
>
2
a
e
\frac 1 {\ln x_1}+ \frac 1 {\ln x_2}>2ae
lnx11+lnx21>2ae
- S o l u t i o n Solution Solution:放缩证明 a e > 1 ae>1 ae>1,所以证明左侧 > 2 >2 >2即可,采用等比例法即可。