让你彻底理解线性代数中的概念——《线性代数的本质》系列视频笔记

《线性代数的本质 (Essense of Linear Algebra) 》系列视频 (作者:@3Blue1Brown):3Blue1Brown的个人空间_哔哩哔哩_Bilibili

00 序言

"There is hardly any theory which is more elementary than linear algebra, in spite of the fact that generations of professors and textbook writers have obscured its simplicity by preposterous calculations with matrices."

“其实很少有理论像线性代数那样简单明了,(学生学不好)只是因为人们总是强调矩阵计算,从而将其复杂化了”

因此,为了更深入地理解线性代数,我们应该少关注数值计算,多关注几何直观

01 向量

【熟肉】线性代数的本质 - 01 - 向量究竟是什么?_哔哩哔哩_bilibili视频源地址:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNk_zzaMoSs线性代数的本质(Essense of Linear Algebra)系列作者:@3Blue1Brown听译、时间轴、压制:@Solara57001 - 这个问题看似简单,但实际并非如此。https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Ys411k7yQ

向量是线性代数中最基本 (root-of-it-all) 的组成部分

定义

向量是一个数字列表,每个数字为它的分量,如\bigl(\begin{smallmatrix} -2\\ 3 \end{smallmatrix}\bigr)

向量可以代表任何东西,只要它保证以下两件事情有意义即可:

  1. 两个向量相加,如\vec{v} + \vec{w}
  2. 数字与向量相乘,如2 \vec{v}\tfrac{1}{3} \vec{v} 

几何表示

可以这样画图表示向量:在坐标轴中使用箭头,且箭头起点必须位于原点

向量中的数字表示如何从向量原点出发到达向量终点。

以二维向量\bigl(\begin{smallmatrix} -2\\ 3 \end{smallmatrix}\bigr)为例:

第一个数-2表示从原点出发沿X轴方向走多远,第二个数3表示接着沿平行Y轴方向走多远

两向量相加

对于两个向量\vec{v}\vec{w},我们平移第二个向量\vec{w},使它的起点与第一个向量\vec{v}的终点重合, 

 然后从\vec{v}的起点出发指向\vec{w}的终点画出一个新向量,这个新向量就是它们相加的和 

         

计算上,我们有

\begin{bmatrix} x_1\\ y_1 \end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix} x_2\\ y_2 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} x_1+x_2\\ y_1+y_2 \end{bmatrix}

思考:为什么向量相加要这样定义呢?

可以把每个向量看作一种特定的运动——在空间中朝着向量指向的方向移动一定的距离

如果你先沿着第一个向量运动,然后再按照第二个向量所描述的运动方式运动,那么总体效果与你沿着这两个向量的和运动无异

数字与向量相乘

给一个向量\vec{v}乘以一个数m,m\vec{v}意味着把这个向量拉长(或缩短)为原来的m倍 

 注:此处如果m为负数,则表示先把\vec{v}反向,再进行拉长(或缩短)

我们把这个变化过程称之为缩放 (scaling)

这里的倍数m称为标量 (scalar)

计算上,向量与数字相乘的结果就是将向量中的每个分量与该数字相乘,即

m\cdot \begin{bmatrix} x\\ y \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} m\cdot x\\ m\cdot y \end{bmatrix}

小结

线性代数始终围绕着这两种基本运算:向量加法与向量数乘(记住这句话)

在这里插入另一个视频,形象地讲解了点乘(内积/数量积)与叉乘(向量积)的区别

【直观解释】叉乘与点乘 - 知乎知乎,中文互联网高质量的问答社区和创作者聚集的原创内容平台,于 2011 年 1 月正式上线,以「让人们更好的分享知识、经验和见解,找到自己的解答」为品牌使命。知乎凭借认真、专业、友善的社区氛围、独特的产品机制以及结构化和易获得的优质内容,聚集了中文互联网科技、商业、影视、时尚、文化等领域最具创造力的人群,已成为综合性、全品类、在诸多领域具有关键影响力的知识分享社区和创作者聚集的原创内容平台,建立起了以社区驱动的内容变现商业模式。https://www.zhihu.com/zvideo/1439577438976700416


02 基、线性组合、张成的空间、线性相关/无关

向量是一个数字列表,每个数字为它的分量

在线性代数中有一件事情非常重要:我们需要用一种特殊的方式去看待向量——把向量中的每一个分量看作是一个标量 (scalar)

以二维向量空间为例,有两个特殊的向量:

  • 一个指向正右方,长度为 1 ,称为 \vec{i} 或 x 方向的单位向量
  • 一个指向正上方,长度为 1 ,称为 \vec{j} 或 y 方向的单位向量

它们也称为向量空间的基向量(简称

对于向量 \bigl(\begin{smallmatrix} 3\\ -2 \end{smallmatrix}\bigr) ,分量 3 和 -2 就是被看作是标量

不妨这样想:这两个标量分别代表其与对应顺序的基向量相乘的结果,即 3\vec{i} 和 -2\vec{j} 

其中,我们知道:

  • 3\vec{i} 是对基 \vec{i} 拉长 3 倍后得到的向量
  • -2\vec{j} 是对基 \vec{j} 拉长 -2 倍后得到的向量

向量 \bigl(\begin{smallmatrix} 3\\ -2 \end{smallmatrix}\bigr) 正好是向量 3\vec{i} 与 -2\vec{j} 相加的结果,即

\bigl(\begin{smallmatrix}3\\-2\end{smallmatrix}\bigr) = 3 \vec{i} + (-2) \vec{j}

也就是说,在一个向量空间内,所有的向量都可以看作是基向量缩放后相加的结果(记住这句话)

 

// todo...

向量空间的一组基是张成该空间的一个线性无关向量集

03 矩阵、线性变换

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About the Author David C. Lay holds a B.A. from Aurora University (Illinois), and an M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of California at Los Angeles. David Lay has been an educator and research mathematician since 1966, mostly at the University of Maryland, College Park. He has also served as a visiting professor at the University of Amsterdam, the Free University in Amsterdam, and the University of Kaiserslautern, Germany. He has published more than 30 research articles on functional analysis and linear algebra. As a founding member of the NSF-sponsored Linear Algebra Curriculum Study Group, David Lay has been a leader in the current movement to modernize the linear algebra curriculum. Lay is also a coauthor of several mathematics texts, including Introduction to Functional Analysis with Angus E. Taylor, Calculus and Its Applications, with L. J. Goldstein and D. I. Schneider, and Linear Algebra Gems–Assets for Undergraduate Mathematics, with D. Carlson, C. R. Johnson, and A. D. Porter. David Lay has received four university awards for teaching excellence, including, in 1996, the title of Distinguished Scholar—Teacher of the University of Maryland. In 1994, he was given one of the Mathematical Association of America’s Awards for Distinguished College or University Teaching of Mathematics. He has been elected by the university students to membership in Alpha Lambda Delta National Scholastic Honor Society and Golden Key National Honor Society. In 1989, Aurora University conferred on him the Outstanding Alumnus award. David Lay is a member of the American Mathematical Society, the Canadian Mathematical Society, the International Linear Algebra Society, the Mathematical Association of America, Sigma Xi, and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. Since 1992, he has served several terms on the national board of the Association of Christians in the Mathematical Sciences. Steven R. Lay began his teaching career at Aurora University (Illinois) in 1971, after earning an M.A. and a Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of California at Los Angeles. His career in mathematics was interrupted for eight years while serving as a missionary in Japan. Upon his return to the States in 1998, he joined the mathematics faculty at Lee University (Tennessee) and has been there ever since. Since then he has supported his brother David in refining and expanding the scope of this popular linear algebra text, including writing most of Chapters 8 and 9. Steven is also the author of three college-level mathematics texts: Convex Sets and Their Applications, Analysis with an Introduction to Proof, and Principles of Algebra. In 1985, Steven received the Excellence in Teaching Award at Aurora University. He and David, and their father, Dr. L. Clark Lay, are all distinguished mathematicians, and in 1989 they jointly received the Outstanding Alumnus award from their alma mater, Aurora University. In 2006, Steven was honored to receive the Excellence in Scholarship Award at Lee University. He is a member of the American Mathematical Society, the Mathematics Association of America, and the Association of Christians in the Mathematical Sciences. Judi J. McDonald joins the authorship team after working closely with David on the fourth edition. She holds a B.Sc. in Mathematics from the University of Alberta, and an M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin. She is currently a professor at Washington State University. She has been an educator and research mathematician since the early 90s. She has more than 35 publications in linear algebra research journals. Several undergraduate and graduate students have written projects or theses on linear algebra under Judi’s supervision. She has also worked with the mathematics outreach project Math Central http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/ and continues to be passionate about mathematics education and outreach. Judi has received three teaching awards: two Inspiring Teaching awards at the University of Regina, and the Thomas Lutz College of Arts and Sciences Teaching Award at Washington State University. She has been an active member of the International Linear Algebra Society and the Association for Women in Mathematics throughout her career and has also been a member of the Canadian Mathematical Society, the American Mathematical Society, the Mathematical Association of America, and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.

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