动力计算-4

1.阻尼：

系统内部振动力学 阻尼可使系统能量损耗以至模型平衡；

2.FLAC力学阻尼：瑞利阻尼、滞后阻尼、局部阻尼、人工粘度

3.算自振频率：

model new
fish automatic-create off
model configure dynamic
; Create zones
zone create brick size 3,3,3
; Assign material model and properties
zone cmodel assign elastic
zone property bulk 1e8 shear 0.3e8 density 1000
; Initial conditions
model gravity 10
; Boundary conditions
zone gridpoint fix velocity-z range position-z 0
; Histories
history interval 1
zone history name='zdisp' displacement-z position 3.0,2.0,3.0
model history name='time' dynamic time-total
; Save common initial state
model save 'Initial'

; Run undamped state example
model restore 'Initial'
model title "vertical displacement versus time (undamped)"
model cycle 350
model save 'Undamped'

算自振频率f=1/T=1/0.0438

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①瑞利阻尼（Rayleigh Damping）：

zone dynamic damping rayleigh <f1 <gradient v > f2 <gradient v > <mass> <stiffness>> 

f1最小临界阻尼比：模型甘冈好不做周期性震动而且最快回到平衡的阻尼比值；

f2最小中心频率：最小频率与三倍最小频率包含了最多能量的区域的此时的最小频率；

②局部阻尼（Local Damping）：

zone dynamic damping local f

注意：公式中f为量纲常数，系统默认静力学（动力学）计算值为0.8

局部阻尼是FLAC3D静力计算所采用的阻尼形式，与频率无关，无需据估计被建模系统的固有频率，但是优点：进行简单模型震动波的动力分析；

对于地震模拟，不推荐局部阻尼，因为这种类型的阻尼不能完全取代多次循环加载的能量损失；

③★★★滞后阻尼（Hysteretic Damping）：

粘弹性土体具有阻尼特性，应力作用在模型后的变形有阻尼作用而产生的时间差，因此应变的发展之后于应力的发展。应变时程曲线与应力时程曲线之间总是存在一定的相位差；

zone dynamic damping hysteretic default f1 f2（hardin f1 ）（sig3 f1 f2 f3 ）//sig4 f1 f2 f3 f4 

优点：

Ⅰ可以直接采用动力试验中的模量衰减曲线；

Ⅱ对比瑞利阻尼，滞后阻尼不影响动力计算的时间步；

Ⅲ可以应用于任意的材料模型，且可以与其他阻尼形式组合同时使用；

使用滞后阻尼时应检查的条件：

Ⅰ滞后阻尼响应与实验室测试进行比较

Ⅱ检查循环应变水平

Ⅲ检查模量降低系数

Ⅳ检查初始剪应力状态

fish automatic-create off
model new
model title 'One-dimensional earthquake excitation of uniform layer'
model configure dynamic
; Create zones
zone create brick size 1 1 20
; Assign constitutive model and properties
zone cmodel assign elastic
zone property density 1000 shear 5e8 bulk 10e8
; Boundary conditions
zone gridpoint fix velocity-y
zone gridpoint fix velocity-z
table 'acc' import 'Wenchuan20080512.acc'
zone face apply acceleration-x -0.02 table 'acc' range position-z=0
; Histories
model history name='time' dynamic time-total
zone history name='sxz1' stress-xz zoneid = 1
zone history name='exz1' strain-increment-xz zoneid = 1
zone history name='sxz10' stress-xz zoneid = 10
zone history name='exz10' strain-increment-xz zoneid = 10
zone history name='acc00' acceleration-x position (0,0, 0)
zone history name='acc10' acceleration-x position (0,0,10)
zone history name='acc20' acceleration-x position (0,0,20)
; Set damping, cycle to time 25
zone dynamic damping hysteretic default -3.325 0.823
zone dynamic free-field on
model solve time-total 25
model save 'EarthquakeExcitation'

④人工粘度（Artificial Viscosity）6.0新特征：

FLAC3D实现了Von Neumann和Landshoff人工粘性项，以控制包含快速上升震动波形（如冲击波、爆破等）的动态分析中的阻尼。

zone dynamic damping artificial-viscosity f1 f2 （默认值均为1）

f1：冯诺依曼常数                 f2：兰德肖夫常数

model new
fish automatic-create off
model title "x-velocities for plane-strain model-no artificial viscosity"
model config dynamic
; Create zones
zone create brick size 150 1 3 ...
                  point 0 0.019 0 0 point 1 10 0 0 ...
                  point 2 0.019 0.019 0 point 3 0.019 0 0.20
; Assign constitutive model and properties                       
zone cmodel assign elastic
zone property shear=34.3e6 bulk=58.6e6 density=2.8
; Boundary Conditions
zone gridpoint fix velocity-z range union position-z 0 position-z 0.2
zone gridpoint fix velocity-y range union position-y 0 position-y 0.019
zone face apply quiet-normal range position-x 10
zone face apply quiet-strike range position-x 10

fish define wave
    wave = math.exp(-0.1842e06*(zone.dynamic.time.total-430.e-06))
    if zone.dynamic.time.total<430.e-06 then
        wave = 1.0
    end_if
    if zone.dynamic.time.total<1.0e-06 then
        wave = 1.0e-6 * zone.dynamic.time.total
    end_if
end
zone face apply velocity-x=1 fish=@wave range position-x 0.019

; Take histories
history interval=5
model history name='time' dynamic time-total
fish history name='wave' @wave
zone history name='vel1' velocity-x gridpointid 605
zone history name='vel2' velocity-x gridpointid 625
zone history name='vel3' velocity-x gridpointid 645
; Activate artificial viscosity
zone dynamic damping artificial-viscosity 1 1
; Set to large strain, and solve to 1e-3
model largestrain on
model solve time-total 1e-3
model save 'avisc'

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总结：

1.不同阻尼形式之间可以混合使用；

2.对于不同材料也可以按照初始条件的方式设置不同的阻尼形式和参数；

3.动力分析中如果存在结构单元，需要采用structure damping xx命令，指定结构单元的阻尼，否则计算会提示出错；

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★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★案     例★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

;---------------------------------------------------------------------
;  Block under gravity - undamped and 3 critically damped cases
;---------------------------------------------------------------------
model new
fish automatic-create off
model configure dynamic
; Create zones
zone create brick size 3,3,3
; Assign material model and properties
zone cmodel assign elastic
zone property bulk 1e8 shear 0.3e8 density 1000
; Initial conditions
model gravity 10
; Boundary conditions
zone gridpoint fix velocity-z range position-z 0
; Histories
history interval 1
zone history name='zdisp' displacement-z position 3.0,2.0,3.0
model history name='time' dynamic time-total
; Save common initial state
model save 'Initial'

; Run undamped state example
model restore 'Initial'
model title "vertical displacement versus time (undamped)"
model cycle 350
model save 'Undamped'

; Rayleigh mass + stiffness damping
model restore 'Initial'
model title "vertical displacement versus time (mass & stiffness damping)"
zone dynamic damping rayleigh 1 22.8
model solve time-total=0.08
model save 'RayleighMassStiff'

; Rayleigh mass only
model restore 'Initial'
model title "vertical displacement versus time (mass damping only)"
zone dynamic damping rayleigh 2 22.8 mass
model solve time-total=0.08
model save 'RayleighMass'

; Rayleigh stiff only
model restore 'Initial'
model title "vertical displacement versus time (stiffness damping only)"
zone dynamic damping rayleigh 2 22.8 stiffness
model solve time-total=0.08
model save 'RayleighStiff'

; 5% Ralyeigh damping
model restore 'Initial'
model title "vertical displacement versus time (5% Rayleigh damping)"
zone dynamic damping rayleigh 0.05 22.8
history interval=5
model solve time-total=0.5
model save 'Rayleigh05'

; Local damping
model restore 'Initial'
model title "vertical displacement versus time (5% Local damping)"
zone dynamic damping local 0.1571 ; = math.pi * 0.05
history interval=5 ;曲线两点之间的间距→光滑度
model solve time-total=0.5
model save 'Local'