c++友元

友元函数，友元成员，友元类

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<cmath>

class point {
int x, y;
public:
point(int a = 0, int b = 0)
{
x = a;
y = b;
}
void show()
{
cout << "x=" << x << "   y=" << y << endl;
}
};
double Distance(point &p1,point &p2)
{
double d;
d = sqrt((p2.x - p1.x) * (p2.x - p1.x) + (p2.y - p1.y) * (p2.y - p1.y));
return d;
}
int main()
{
point p1, p2(1, 1);
return 0;
}

为保护隐藏数据，x，y是私有的。此时访问数据只能另设函数。

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<cmath>

class point {
    int x, y;
public:
    point(int a = 0, int b = 0)
    {
        x = a;
        y = b;
    }
    void show()
    {
        cout << "x=" << x << "   y=" << y << endl;
    }
    int getx()
    {
        return x;
    }
    int gety()
    {
        return y;
    }
};
double Distance(point &p1,point &p2)
{
    double d;
    d = sqrt((p2.getx() - p1.getx()) * (p2.getx() - p1.getx()) + (p2.gety() - p1.gety()) * (p2.gety() - p1.gety()));
    return d;
}
int main()
{
    point p1, p2(1, 1);
    cout << Distance(p1, p2);//计算p1和p2两点之间的距离
    return 0;
}

但算一个d，要调用很多次getx，gety。

于是我们提出友元机制。

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<cmath>

class point {
    int x, y;
public:
    point(int a = 0, int b = 0)
    {
        x = a;
        y = b;
    }
    void show()
    {
        cout << "x=" << x << "   y=" << y << endl;
    }
    int getx()
    {
        return x;
    }
    int gety()
    {
        return y;
    }
    friend double Distance(point& p1, point& p2);
};
double Distance(point &p1,point &p2)
{
    double d;
    d = sqrt((p2.x- p1.x) * (p2.x - p1.x) + (p2.y - p1.y) * (p2.y - p1.y));
    return d;
}
int main()
{
    point p1, p2(1, 1);
    cout << Distance(p1, p2);
    return 0;
}

一个类的成员函数也可以作为另一个类的友元。

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class girl;

class boy
{
    string name;
public:
    boy(string n)
    {
        name = n;
    }
    void introduceoneself()
    {
        cout << "I am " << name << endl;
    }
    void introducefriend(girl &x);
};

class girl
{
    string name;
public:
    girl(string n)
    {
        name = n;
    }
    void introduceoneself()
    {
        cout << "I am " << name << endl;
    }

    friend void boy::introducefriend(girl &x);

    //声明boy的成员函数introducefriend()是girl的友元函数，这样就能访问girl里面的私有x。
};

void boy::introducefriend(girl &x)
{
    cout << "She is " << x.name << endl;
}

int main()
{
    boy boy1("Tom");
    girl girl1("Marry");
    boy1.introduceoneself();
    boy1.introducefriend(girl1);
    return 0;
}

一个类也可以作为一个类的友元：此时该类中的所有成员函数都是另一个类的友元成员，都可以访问另一个类的所有成员。

还是以上例子，男孩若想介绍第二个女孩，再次使用这种方法（以下代码）就有点浪费代码段。。

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class girl;

class boy
{
    string name;
public:
    boy(string n)
    {
        name = n;
    }
    void introduceoneself()
    {
        cout << "I am " << name << endl;
    }
    void introducefriend1(girl &x);
    void introducefriend2(girl& x);
};

class girl
{
    string name;
public:
    girl(string n)
    {
        name = n;
    }
    void introduceoneself()
    {
        cout << "I am " << name << endl;
    }

    friend void boy::introducefriend1(girl &x);
    friend void boy::introducefriend2(girl& x);
    //声明boy的成员函数introducefriend()是girl的友元函数，这样就能访问girl里面的私有x。
};

void boy::introducefriend1(girl &x)
{
    cout << "She is " << x.name << endl;
}
void boy::introducefriend2(girl& x)
{
    cout << x.name<<" is my best friend " << endl;
}
int main()
{
    boy boy1("Tom");
    girl girl1("Marry");
    girl girl2("Lily");
    boy1.introduceoneself();
    boy1.introducefriend1(girl1);
    boy1.introducefriend2(girl1);
    return 0;
}

于是我们可以直接声明友元类。（如下）声明男孩类是女孩类的朋友。这时女孩类里面的所有成员都是男孩类的朋友。

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class girl;

class boy
{
    string name;
public:
    boy(string n)
    {
        name = n;
    }
    void introduceoneself()
    {
        cout << "I am " << name << endl;
    }
    void introducefriend1(girl &x);
    void introducefriend2(girl& x);
};

class girl
{
    string name;
    friend boy;
public:
    girl(string n)
    {
        name = n;
    }
    void introduceoneself()
    {
        cout << "I am " << name << endl;
    }
};

void boy::introducefriend1(girl &x)
{
    cout << "She is " << x.name << endl;
}
void boy::introducefriend2(girl& x)
{
    cout << x.name<<" is my best friend " << endl;
}
int main()
{
    boy boy1("Tom");
    girl girl1("Marry");
    girl girl2("Lily");
    boy1.introduceoneself();
    boy1.introducefriend1(girl1);
    boy1.introducefriend2(girl1);
    return 0;
}

说明：

友元关系是单向的，不具有交换性，在类A中将类B声明为自己的友元，但类B中没有将类A声明为友元时，A的成员函数不可以访问B的私有成员。

当两个类都将对方声明为自己的友元时，才可以实现互访

友元关系也不具备传递性，A将B声明为友元，B将C声明为友元，但C不一定是A的友元