教程1:序列化
引言
这部分内容,如果以前使用过Django的同学应该好理解,如果没有也没关系。
我建议大家在阅读时同步的去看API文档关于序列化器的部分,结合起来,就很容易理解了。
在操作中我也遇到了一些问题,会列出在下面,供大家参考。
设置环境
virtualenv env
source env/bin/activate
pip install django
pip install djangorestframework
pip install pygments # We'll be using this for the code highlighting
创建项目
cd ~
django-admin.py startproject tutorial
cd tutorial
python manage.py startapp snippets
在settings.py中设置安装APP:
INSTALLED_APPS = (
...
'rest_framework',
'snippets.apps.SnippetsConfig',
)
创建Model
编辑snippets/models.py
文件。
from django.db import models
from pygments.lexers import get_all_lexers
from pygments.styles import get_all_styles
LEXERS = [item for item in get_all_lexers() if item[1]]
LANGUAGE_CHOICES = sorted([(item[1][0], item[0]) for item in LEXERS])
STYLE_CHOICES = sorted((item, item) for item in get_all_styles())
class Snippet(models.Model):
created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
title = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True, default='')
code = models.TextField()
linenos = models.BooleanField(default=False)
language = models.CharField(choices=LANGUAGE_CHOICES, default='python', max_length=100)
style = models.CharField(choices=STYLE_CHOICES, default='friendly', max_length=100)
class Meta:
ordering = ('created',)
然后我们需要执行下列语句来同步数据库:
python manage.py makemigrations snippets
python manage.py migrate
注意:
这里遇到了一个问题:
我在虚拟环境中已经安装好所有所需的库。但是在makemigrations时,死活都说我没有安装pygments,很纳闷。我是这样输入的:
manage makemigrations
后来我发现如果在pycharm里操作,貌似就没问题。于是就想是不是和环境变量有关的问题,试着在终端输入了:
python manage.py makemigrations
果然问题解决~!看来直接输入manage读取到的应该不是当前目录的manage.py,而是不属于虚拟环境的环境变量。
创建序列化器
from rest_framework import serializers
from snippets.models import Snippet, LANGUAGE_CHOICES, STYLE_CHOICES
class SnippetSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True)
title = serializers.CharField(required=False, allow_blank=True, max_length=100)
code = serializers.CharField(style={'base_template': 'textarea.html'})
linenos = serializers.BooleanField(required=False)
language = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=LANGUAGE_CHOICES, default='python')
style = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=STYLE_CHOICES, default='friendly')
def create(self, validated_data):
"""
Create and return a new `Snippet` instance, given the validated data.
"""
return Snippet.objects.create(**validated_data)
def update(self, instance, validated_data):
"""
Update and return an existing `Snippet` instance, given the validated data.
"""
instance.title = validated_data.get('title', instance.title)
instance.code = validated_data.get('code', instance.code)
instance.linenos = validated_data.get('linenos', instance.linenos)
instance.language = validated_data.get('language', instance.language)
instance.style = validated_data.get('style', instance.style)
instance.save()
return instance
看着代码很多,实际上设置其实都很眼熟。
当调用序列化器的save()
方法时,REST框架会根据实例是否存在来判断调用create()
还是调用update()
。
使用序列化器创建常规的Django视图
# coding=utf-8
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.http import JsonResponse
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser
from snippets.models import Snippet
from snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer
@csrf_exempt
def snippet_list(request):
if request.method == 'GET':
snippets = Snippet.objects.all()
serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets, many=True)
return JsonResponse(serializer.data, safe=False)
elif request.method == 'POST':
data = JSONParser().parse(request)
serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=data)
if serializer.is_valid():
serializer.save()
return JsonResponse(serializer.data, status=201)
return JsonResponse(serializer.errors, status=400)
@csrf_exempt
def snippet_detail(request, pk):
try:
snippet = Snippet.objects.get(pk=pk)
except Snippet.DoesNotExist:
return HttpResponse(status=404)
if request.method == 'GET':
serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)
return JsonResponse(serializer.data)
elif request.method == 'PUT':
data = JSONParser().parse(request)
# 如果需要更新(调用update方法),则需要传入一个已经存在的模型实例!
serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data=data)
if serializer.is_valid():
serializer.save()
return JsonResponse(serializer.data)
return JsonResponse(serializer.errors, status=400)
elif request.method == 'DELETE':
snippet.delete()
return HttpResponse(status=204)
记得要配置urls.py:
from django.conf.urls import url
from snippets import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^snippets/$', views.snippet_list),
url(r'^snippet/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$', views.snippet_detail)
]
测试
测试用什么工具都行,postman,浏览器都很方便,这里介绍一个python写的http客户端——httpie。
pip install httpie
使用很简单:
http http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/2/
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
{
"id": 2,
"title": "",
"code": "print \"hello, world\"\n",
"linenos": false,
"language": "python",
"style": "friendly"
}
结语
我们使用序列化器创建了视图,运行的也挺好,没啥问题。但是我们花了很多代码去处理错误,这些通常都是相同的逻辑,我们能不能简化这一部分代码呢?
后面的章节会讲解。