SystemVerilog LRM 学习笔记 -- SV Scheduler仿真调度

1. 为什么要理解scheduler?

SystemVerilog是HDVL语言,相较与Verilog,除了面向HW design应用,也为了提高verif的效率。所以其仿真调度算法在向下兼容Verilog的同时,增加了不少新的‘Time region’,以便更好的支持program块等针对验证需求的新特性。

SV不同于C/C++等软件语言,为了对硬件进行仿真建模,所以有很多并行的process,而仿真器作为运行在CPU上的软件,只是按照SV LRM的仿真调度算法,开始仿真后,将仿真时间串行的一步步的向前推进。由于SV LRM并没有完全详细的规定并行的process以具体什么样的顺序来执行,这就引进许多不确定性(Nondeterminism), 不同厂家的仿真器可能有不同的仿真结果。

为了在coding时就消除这种不确定性,更好理解常见的design rule,需要对Verilog/SV的仿真调度算法进行深刻理解,并且涉及到VHDL的混合仿真,也要理解VHDL和Verilog/SV之间的差异。

常见的Design Rules:

  1. 时序逻辑中应使用非阻塞赋值(<=)
  2. 锁存器建模应使用非阻塞赋值(<=)
  3. 用always对组合逻辑建模,应使用阻塞赋值(=)
  4. 当需要在同一always中对组合逻辑和时序逻辑建模时,可以使用<=,不要使用=
  5. 不要在同一always块中混合使用<=和=
  6. 要避免在不同的always块中对同一变量进行赋值
  7. 使用$strobe来打印同一时刻下的非阻塞赋值
  8. 千万,千万不要使用0延时(#0)

2. Simulation模型

SV是基于离散事件执行驱动的仿真模型,event-driven仿真的基本概念:1)simulation time, 2)simulation regions,3 event processing。

2.1 事件(event)

模型中数值的变化,功能仿真是一种事件驱动的仿真,整个仿真过程都是围绕事件来组织的。具体地说,由于仿真器在cpu是串行执行,其需要将各个event放进事件队列中(event queue),这就叫scheduling an enent. 

更新事件(update event):在被仿真的电路中,线网或寄存器的值在任何进程中的任何改变都被认为是一个更新事件。

求值事件(evaluation event):由于更新事件产生的,进程的计算,计算事件。另外也包含PLI调用。

计算事件和更新事件之间循环往复的互相触发,推动仿真时间的前进。

process: 进程是Verilog中的独立执行单元,包括:原语(Primitives), 模块(Moules), initial过程块, always过程块, 连续赋值语句(assign), 异步任务(task)。在仿真时,所有的进程都是仿真器按Verilog的语义来顺序执行的,效果是各个进程并行执行的效果,在未执行完当前所有的进程时,仿真时间不会向前推进。

//下面例子会hang在仿真时刻0,因为更新时间一直触发求值事件,计算事件一直触发更新事件。
initial begin
    clk = 0;  
    forever clk = ~clk;
end

2.2 仿真时间(simulation time)

当然是指波形中看到的时间,不是仿真软件在host PC中运行的时间。是仿真时间维护的时间值,用来对仿真电路的真实时间进行建模,当仿真时间推进到某一个时间点时,该时间点就被称为当前仿真时间(current time),而以后的任何时间都被称为将来仿真时间(future time)。

2.3 仿真域(simulation region)

2.3.1 层次化事件队列(The stratified event queue)

一个timeslot下的事件队列可以划分为不同层次的域(region),这些域按照特定的优先级顺序执行,只有所有在优先级高的region内的事件执行完,才执行低优先级域的事件。仿真器首先按照仿真时间对事件进行排序,然后再在当前仿真时间里按照这些域的优先级顺序进行排序。在同一域里的事件,执行顺序是不确定的。

2.3.2 Verilog的事件调度器

Verilog的timeslot划分5个域:
Active region : 执行process语句,阻塞赋值,连续赋值,及非阻塞赋值的右侧求值事件,阻塞赋值和连续赋值会触发在该时刻的新事件。$display是在该region执行。 
Inactive region : 执行 #0的阻塞赋值; 
NBA region : 更新非阻塞赋值的LHS; 
Monitor region : 执行$monitor 和 $strobe等,不会出发任何其他事件的read-only region 

2.3.3 System Verilog的事件调度器

SystemVerilog增加到17个域,为assertion,design code和testbench code间交互作用减少race发生,其中9个顺序的域为了SV statement的执行,8个顺序的域为了PLI代码的执行。下图是略去了PLI region的SV scheduler。

Preponed region : 在timeslot开始时进行信号采样, assertion使用的signal也是在这个region进行采样。
observed region : 执行assertion evaluation. 
Re-Active and Re-Inactive regions : 执行assertion action blocks 和 testbench programs 

2.4 SV引入了新的代码块: program, final, clocking  

program: 为了清晰的区分design和TB,SV引入program块,它可以包含TB的环境,目的是减少竞争冒险。program在Re-Active域执行。

final:final块用来在仿真末尾时打印summary info,它是在仿真隐式或显式的调用$finish后立即执行,没有delay,如:

program asic_with_ankit;
  int error, warning;
  initial begin
  //Main program activities…..
  end
  final begin
  $display (“Test is done with %d errors and %d warnings”, error, warning);
  end
endprogram

clocking:  SV引入clocking用以解决TB和design间的timing及sychronisation的需求.

3. 确定性(Determinism)和不确定性(Nondeterminism)

3.1 确定性(Determinism)

SV标准规定了下面两种确定的scheduling顺序:

1. 在begin...end块中的语句要按其代码出现的先后顺序执行,为了支持模型中的其他过程,可以挂起特定的begin-end块中语句的执行。不管怎样,不允许begin-end块中的语句不按照代码中的顺序以任意顺序执行。

2.NBAs必须按照语句的顺序来执行。

3.2 不确定性(Nondeterminism)

SV并没有规定多个processes执行时的顺序,如果多个processes在同一时刻下触发,这些processes以什么样的先后顺序来执行,由于SV标准并没有规定,不同厂商的仿真器不一定相同。如下例,q在d变化后是变成d还是~d,其结果都符合SV规定,但不同的仿真器可能会得到不同的结果。

always @(d)
  q=d;

assign q=~d;

4. 阻塞/非阻塞赋值(blocking/nonboclking assignment) 

4.1 阻塞赋值

1、RHS的表达式计算和LHS的赋值更新,这两个动作之间不能插入其他动作,即所谓计算完毕,立即更新。

2、所谓阻塞赋值就是在一个”begin…end”块中的多个阻塞赋值语句,只有上一句完全执行完毕后,才会执行下一语句。
阻塞赋值属于active event,会立刻执行,这就是阻塞赋值“计算完毕,立即更新”的原因。此外,由于在分层事件队列中,只有将活跃事件中排在前面的事件调出,并执行完毕后,才能够执行下面的事件,这就可以解释阻塞赋值的第二个特点。

4.2 非阻塞赋值

非阻塞赋值分两个step执行:RHS的计算表达式和LHS的赋值更新。首先,应该是RHS表达式计算,得到新值后并不立即赋值,而是放在事件队列中等待,直到当前仿真时刻的后期才执行。

 


参考文献:

1. Verilog篇(三)仿真原理

2. SystemVerilog Simulation

3. Verilog and SV Event Scheduler

4. Verilog的分层事件队列

5. IEEE 1800-2017 - IEEE Standard for SystemVerilog

6. SystemVerilog Event Regions, Race Avoidance & Guidelines

 

本博客所有文章均同步发表于www.mx1980.cn/blog

Table of Contents Section 1 Introduction to SystemVerilog ...................................................................................................... 1 Section 2 Literal Values.................................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Introduction (informative) ...............................................................................................................4 2.2 Literal value syntax..........................................................................................................................4 2.3 Integer and logic literals ..................................................................................................................4 2.4 Real literals ......................................................................................................................................5 2.5 Time literals .....................................................................................................................................5 2.6 String literals....................................................................................................................................5 2.7 Array literals ....................................................................................................................................6 2.8 Structure literals ...............................................................................................................................6 Section 3 Data Types....................................................................................................................................... 8 3.1 Introduction (informative) ...............................................................................................................8 3.2 Data type syntax...............................................................................................................................9 3.3 Integer data types ...........................................................................................................................10 3.4 Real and shortreal data types .........................................................................................................11 3.5 Void data type ................................................................................................................................11 3.6 chandle data type ...........................................................................................................................11 3.7 String data type ..............................................................................................................................12 3.8 Event data type...............................................................................................................................16 3.9 User-defined types .........................................................................................................................16 3.10 Enumerations .................................................................................................................................17 3.11 Structures and unions.....................................................................................................................22 3.12 Class...............................................................................................................................................26 3.13 Singular and aggregate types .........................................................................................................27 3.14 Casting ...........................................................................................................................................27 3.15 $cast dynamic casting ....................................................................................................................28 3.16 Bit-stream casting ..........................................................................................................................29 Section 4 Arrays ............................................................................................................................................ 32 4.1 Introduction (informative) .............................................................................................................32 4.2 Packed and unpacked arrays ..........................................................................................................32 4.3 Multiple dimensions ......................................................................................................................33 4.4 Indexing and slicing of arrays........................................................................................................34 4.5 Array querying functions ...............................................................................................................35 4.6 Dynamic arrays ..............................................................................................................................35 4.7 Array assignment ...........................................................................................................................37 4.8 Arrays as arguments.......................................................................................................................38 4.9 Associative arrays ..........................................................................................................................39 4.10 Associative array methods .............................................................................................................41 4.11 Associative array assignment.........................................................................................................44 4.12 Associative array arguments ..........................................................................................................44 4.13 Associative array literals................................................................................................................44 4.14 Queues ...........................................................................................................................................45 4.15 Array manipulation methods .........................................................................................................47 Section 5 Data Declarations ......................................................................................................................... 52 5.1 Introduction (informative) .............................................................................................................52 5.2 Data declaration syntax..................................................................................................................52 5.3 Constants........................................................................................................................................52 Accellera SystemVerilog 3.1a Extensions to Verilog-2001 viii Copyright 2004 Accellera. All rights reserved . 5.4 Variables ........................................................................................................................................53 5.5 Scope and lifetime .........................................................................................................................54 5.6 Nets, regs, and logic.......................................................................................................................55 5.7 Signal aliasing................................................................................................................................56 5.8 Type compatibility .........................................................................................................................58 Section 6 Attributes....................................................................................................................................... 61 6.1 Introduction (informative) .............................................................................................................61 6.2 Default attribute type .....................................................................................................................61 Section 7 Operators and Expressions.......................................................................................................... 62 7.1 Introduction (informative) .............................................................................................................62 7.2 Operator syntax..............................................................................................................................62 7.3 Assignment operators ....................................................................................................................62 7.4 Operations on logic and bit types ..................................................................................................63 7.5 Wild equality and wild inequality..................................................................................................63 7.6 Real operators ................................................................................................................................64 7.7 Size.................................................................................................................................................64 7.8 Sign ................................................................................................................................................64 7.9 Operator precedence and associativity ..........................................................................................64 7.10 Built-in methods ............................................................................................................................65 7.11 Static Prefixes ................................................................................................................................66 7.12 Concatenation ................................................................................................................................67 7.13 Unpacked array expressions ..........................................................................................................67 7.14 Structure expressions .....................................................................................................................68 7.15 Tagged union expressions and member access..............................................................................70 7.16 Aggregate expressions ...................................................................................................................71 7.17 Operator overloading .....................................................................................................................72 7.18 Streaming operators (pack / unpack) .............................................................................................73 7.19 Conditional operator ......................................................................................................................77 7.20 Set membership..............................................................................................................................77 Section 8 Procedural Statements and Control Flow.................................................................................. 79 8.1 Introduction (informative) .............................................................................................................79 8.2 Statements ......................................................................................................................................79 8.3 Blocking and nonblocking assignments ........................................................................................80 8.4 Selection statements.......................................................................................................................81 8.5 Loop statements .............................................................................................................................87 8.6 Jump statements.............................................................................................................................89 8.7 Final blocks....................................................................................................................................89 8.8 Named blocks and statement labels ...............................................................................................90 8.9 Disable ...........................................................................................................................................90 8.10 Event control..................................................................................................................................91 8.11 Level-sensitive sequence controls .................................................................................................93 8.12 Procedural assign and deassign removal .......................................................................................94 Section 9 Processes........................................................................................................................................ 95 9.1 Introduction (informative) .............................................................................................................95 9.2 Combinational logic.......................................................................................................................95 9.3 Latched logic..................................................................................................................................96 9.4 Sequential logic..............................................................................................................................96 9.5 Continuous assignments ................................................................................................................96 9.6 fork...join........................................................................................................................................97 9.7 Process execution threads ..............................................................................................................98 Accellera Extensions to Verilog-2001 SystemVerilog 3.1a Copyright 2004 Accellera. All rights reserved. ix 9.8 Process control ...............................................................................................................................98 9.9 Fine-grain process control ...........................................................................................................100 Section 10 Tasks and Functions................................................................................................................... 102 10.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................102 10.2 Tasks ............................................................................................................................................103 10.3 Functions......................................................................................................................................104 10.4 Task and function argument passing ...........................................................................................106 10.5 Import and export functions.........................................................................................................109 Section 11 Classes.......................................................................................................................................... 111 11.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................111 11.2 Syntax ..........................................................................................................................................112 11.3 Overview......................................................................................................................................113 11.4 Objects (class instance)................................................................................................................113 11.5 Object properties..........................................................................................................................114 11.6 Object methods ............................................................................................................................114 11.7 Constructors .................................................................................................................................115 11.8 Static class properties...................................................................................................................116 11.9 Static methods..............................................................................................................................116 11.10 This ..............................................................................................................................................116 11.11 Assignment, re-naming and copying ...........................................................................................117 11.12 Inheritance and subclasses ...........................................................................................................118 11.13 Overridden members....................................................................................................................119 11.14 Super ............................................................................................................................................119 11.15 Casting .........................................................................................................................................120 11.16 Chaining constructors ..................................................................................................................120 11.17 Data hiding and encapsulation .....................................................................................................121 11.18 Constant class properties .............................................................................................................121 11.19 Abstract classes and virtual methods ...........................................................................................122 11.20 Polymorphism: dynamic method lookup.....................................................................................123 11.21 Class scope resolution operator :: ................................................................................................123 11.22 Out of block declarations .............................................................................................................124 11.23 Parameterized classes ..................................................................................................................125 11.24 Typedef class ...............................................................................................................................126 11.25 Classes and structures ..................................................................................................................126 11.26 Memory management ..................................................................................................................127 Section 12 Random Constraints .................................................................................................................. 128 12.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................128 12.2 Overview......................................................................................................................................128 12.3 Random variables ........................................................................................................................131 12.4 Constraint blocks .........................................................................................................................132 12.5 Randomization methods ..............................................................................................................145 12.6 In-line constraints — randomize() with.......................................................................................147 12.7 Disabling random variables with rand_mode() ...........................................................................148 12.8 Controlling constraints with constraint_mode() ..........................................................................149 12.9 Dynamic constraint modification.................................................................................................150 12.10 In-line random variable control ...................................................................................................150 12.11 Randomization of scope variables — std::randomize()...............................................................151 12.12 Random number system functions and methods .........................................................................153 12.13Random stability ..........................................................................................................................154 12.14 Manually seeding randomize .......................................................................................................156 12.15 Random weighted case — randcase ............................................................................................157 Accellera SystemVerilog 3.1a Extensions to Verilog-2001 x Copyright 2004 Accellera. All rights reserved . 12.16 Random sequence generation — randsequence...........................................................................158 Section 13 Interprocess Synchronization and Communication................................................................ 166 13.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................166 13.2 Semaphores ..................................................................................................................................166 13.3 Mailboxes.....................................................................................................................................167 13.4 Parameterized mailboxes .............................................................................................................170 13.5 Event ............................................................................................................................................171 13.6 Event sequencing: wait_order() ...................................................................................................172 13.7 Event variables.............................................................................................................................173 Section 14 Scheduling Semantics................................................................................................................. 176 14.1 Execution of a hardware model and its verification environment ...............................................176 14.2 Event simulation ..........................................................................................................................176 14.3 The stratified event scheduler ......................................................................................................176 14.4 The PLI callback control points...................................................................................................180 Section 15 Clocking Blocks .......................................................................................................................... 181 15.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................181 15.2 Clocking block declaration ..........................................................................................................181 15.3 Input and output skews ................................................................................................................183 15.4 Hierarchical expressions ..............................................................................................................184 15.5 Signals in multiple clocking blocks .............................................................................................185 15.6 Clocking block scope and lifetime...............................................................................................185 15.7 Multiple clocking blocks example ...............................................................................................185 15.8 Interfaces and clocking blocks.....................................................................................................186 15.9 Clocking block events..................................................................................................................187 15.10 Cycle delay: ## ............................................................................................................................187 15.11 Default clocking...........................................................................................................................188 15.12 Input sampling .............................................................................................................................189 15.13 Synchronous events .....................................................................................................................189 15.14 Synchronous drives......................................................................................................................190 Section 16 Program Block............................................................................................................................ 193 16.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................193 16.2 The program construct .................................................................................................................193 16.3 Multiple programs........................................................................................................................195 16.4 Eliminating testbench races .........................................................................................................195 16.5 Blocking tasks in cycle/event mode.............................................................................................196 16.6 Program control tasks ..................................................................................................................196 Section 17 Assertions ................................................................................................................................... 198 17.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................198 17.2 Immediate assertions....................................................................................................................198 17.3 Concurrent assertions overview...................................................................................................200 17.4 Boolean expressions ....................................................................................................................201 17.5 Sequences.....................................................................................................................................203 17.6 Declaring sequences ....................................................................................................................206 17.7 Sequence operations ....................................................................................................................208 17.8 Manipulating data in a sequence..................................................................................................224 17.9 Calling subroutines on match of a sequence................................................................................228 17.10 System functions..........................................................................................................................229 17.11 Declaring properties.....................................................................................................................229 17.12 Multiple clock support .................................................................................................................240 Accellera Extensions to Verilog-2001 SystemVerilog 3.1a Copyright 2004 Accellera. All rights reserved. xi 17.13 Concurrent assertions...................................................................................................................246 17.14 Clock resolution ...........................................................................................................................252 17.15 Binding properties to scopes or instances....................................................................................258 17.16 The expect statement ...................................................................................................................259 Section 18 Hierarchy..................................................................................................................................... 261 18.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................261 18.2 Packages.......................................................................................................................................261 18.3 Compilation unit support .............................................................................................................265 18.4 Top-level instance........................................................................................................................266 18.5 Module declarations.....................................................................................................................267 18.6 Nested modules............................................................................................................................267 18.7 Extern modules ............................................................................................................................269 18.8 Port declarations ..........................................................................................................................270 18.9 List of port expressions................................................................................................................271 18.10 Time unit and precision ...............................................................................................................271 18.11 Module instances .........................................................................................................................272 18.12 Port connection rules ...................................................................................................................276 18.13 Name spaces ................................................................................................................................277 18.14 Hierarchical names ......................................................................................................................278 Section 19 Interfaces ..................................................................................................................................... 279 19.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................279 19.2 Interface syntax............................................................................................................................280 19.3 Ports in interfaces.........................................................................................................................284 19.4 Modports ......................................................................................................................................285 19.5 Interfaces and specify blocks .......................................................................................................291 19.6 Tasks and functions in interfaces.................................................................................................291 19.7 Parameterized interfaces ..............................................................................................................297 19.8 Virtual interfaces..........................................................................................................................299 19.9 Access to interface objects...........................................................................................................303 Section 20 Coverage...................................................................................................................................... 305 20.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................305 20.2 Defining the coverage model: covergroup...................................................................................306 20.3 Using covergroup in classes ........................................................................................................308 20.4 Defining coverage points .............................................................................................................309 20.5 Defining cross coverage...............................................................................................................315 20.6 Specifying coverage options ........................................................................................................319 20.7 Predefined coverage methods ......................................................................................................324 20.8 Predefined coverage system tasks and functions .........................................................................324 20.9 Organization of option and type_option members ......................................................................324 Section 21 Parameters .................................................................................................................................. 326 21.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................326 21.2 Parameter declaration syntax .......................................................................................................327 Section 22 Configuration Libraries............................................................................................................. 330 22.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................330 22.2 Libraries .......................................................................................................................................330 Section 23 System Tasks and System Functions ........................................................................................ 331 23.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................331 23.2 Elaboration-time typeof function.................................................................................................331 Accellera SystemVerilog 3.1a Extensions to Verilog-2001 xii Copyright 2004 Accellera. All rights reserved . 23.3 Typename function ......................................................................................................................331 23.4 Expression size system function ..................................................................................................332 23.5 Range system function.................................................................................................................333 23.6 Shortreal conversions...................................................................................................................333 23.7 Array querying system functions .................................................................................................334 23.8 Assertion severity system tasks ...................................................................................................335 23.9 Assertion control system tasks.....................................................................................................336 23.10 Assertion system functions ..........................................................................................................336 23.11 Random number system functions...............................................................................................337 23.12 Program control ...........................................................................................................................337 23.13 Coverage system functions ..........................................................................................................337 23.14 Enhancements to Verilog-2001 system tasks ..............................................................................337 23.15 $readmemb and $readmemh........................................................................................................338 23.16 $writememb and $writememh .....................................................................................................338 23.17 File format considerations for multi-dimensional unpacked arrays ............................................339 23.18 System task arguments for multi-dimensional unpacked arrays .................................................340 Section 24 VCD Data .................................................................................................................................... 342 Section 25 Compiler Directives.................................................................................................................... 343 25.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................343 25.2 ‘define macros..............................................................................................................................343 25.3 `include ........................................................................................................................................344 Section 26 Features under consideration for removal from SystemVerilog ........................................... 345 26.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................345 26.2 Defparam statements....................................................................................................................345 26.3 Procedural assign and deassign statements..................................................................................345 Section 27 Direct Programming Interface (DPI) ....................................................................................... 347 27.1 Overview......................................................................................................................................347 27.2 Two layers of the DPI ..................................................................................................................348 27.3 Global name space of imported and exported functions..............................................................349 27.4 Imported tasks and functions .......................................................................................................349 27.5 Calling imported functions ..........................................................................................................355 27.6 Exported functions .......................................................................................................................356 27.7 Exported tasks..............................................................................................................................357 27.8 Disabling DPI tasks and functions...............................................................................................357 Section 28 SystemVerilog Assertion API .................................................................................................... 359 28.1 Requirements ...............................................................................................................................359 28.2 Extensions to VPI enumerations..................................................................................................359 28.3 Static information ........................................................................................................................360 28.4 Dynamic information ...................................................................................................................363 28.5 Control functions .........................................................................................................................366 Section 29 SystemVerilog Coverage API .................................................................................................... 368 29.1 Requirements ...............................................................................................................................368 29.2 SystemVerilog real-time coverage access ...................................................................................369 29.3 FSM recognition ..........................................................................................................................374 29.4 VPI coverage extensions..............................................................................................................377 Section 30 SystemVerilog Data Read API .................................................................................................. 381 30.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................381 Accellera Extensions to Verilog-2001 SystemVerilog 3.1a Copyright 2004 Accellera. All rights reserved. xiii 30.2 Requirements ...............................................................................................................................381 30.3 Extensions to VPI enumerations..................................................................................................382 30.4 VPI object type additions.............................................................................................................383 30.5 Object model diagrams ................................................................................................................385 30.6 Usage extensions to VPI routines ................................................................................................387 30.7 VPI routines added in SystemVerilog .........................................................................................388 30.8 Reading data ................................................................................................................................389 30.9 Optionally unloading the data......................................................................................................399 30.10 Reading data from multiple databases and/or different read library providers ...........................399 30.11VPI routines extended in SystemVerilog.....................................................................................402 30.12VPI routines added in SystemVerilog .........................................................................................403 Section 31 SystemVerilog VPI Object Model............................................................................................. 407 31.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................407 31.2 Instance .......................................................................................................................................409 31.3 Interface ......................................................................................................................................410 31.4 Program........................................................................................................................................410 31.5 Module (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.1) ............................................................................411 31.6 Modport ......................................................................................................................................412 31.7 Interface tf decl ............................................................................................................................412 31.8 Ports (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.5) .................................................................................413 31.9 Ref Obj.........................................................................................................................................414 31.10 Variables (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 section 26.6.8) .............................................................416 31.11 Var Select (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.8).........................................................................418 31.12 Typespec ......................................................................................................................................419 31.13 Variable Drivers and Loads (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.23) ...........................................421 31.14 Instance Arrays (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.2) ................................................................421 31.15 Scope (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.3) ...............................................................................422 31.16 IO Declaration (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.4) .................................................................423 31.17 Clocking Block ...........................................................................................................................424 31.18 Class Object Definition................................................................................................................425 31.19 Constraint, constraint ordering, distribution, ...............................................................................426 31.20 Constraint expression...................................................................................................................427 31.21 Class Variables ...........................................................................................................................428 31.23 Named Events (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.11) ................................................................430 31.24 Task, Function Declaration (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.18)............................................431 31.25 Alias Statement ...........................................................................................................................432 31.26 Frames (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.20)............................................................................433 31.27 Threads.........................................................................................................................................434 31.28 tf call (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.19) ..............................................................................435 31.29 Module path, path term (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.15) .................................................436 31.30 Concurrent assertions ..................................................................................................................437 31.31 Property Decl ..............................................................................................................................437 31.32 Property Specification .................................................................................................................438 31.33 Multiclock Sequence Expression ................................................................................................439 31.34 Sequence Declaration .................................................................................................................440 31.35 Sequence Expression ..................................................................................................................441 31.36 Attribute (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.42) ........................................................................442 31.37 Atomic Statement (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.27) .........................................................443 31.38 If, if else, return, case, do while (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.35, 26.6.36).......................444 31.39 waits, disables, expect, foreach (supersedes IEEE 1364 26.6.38) ...............................................445 31.40 Simple expressions (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.25) ........................................................446 31.41 Expressions (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.26) ....................................................................447 31.42 Event control (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.30)..................................................................448 Accellera SystemVerilog 3.1a Extensions to Verilog-2001 xiv Copyright 2004 Accellera. All rights reserved . 31.43 Event stmt (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.27) .....................................................................448 31.44 Process (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.27) ..........................................................................449 31.45 Assignment (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.28) ...................................................................449 Annex A Formal Syntax.............................................................................................................................. 451 Annex B Keywords ...................................................................................................................................... 488 Annex C Std Package ................................................................................................................................. 490 Annex D Linked Lists................................................................................................................................. 492 Annex E DPI C-layer .................................................................................................................................. 498 Annex F Include files .................................................................................................................................. 523 Annex G Inclusion of Foreign Language Code ......................................................................................... 529 Annex H Formal Semantics of Concurrent Assertions ............................................................................ 533 Annex I sv_vpi_user.h................................................................................................................................ 544 Annex J Glossary ........................................................................................................................................ 553 Annex K Bibliography................................................................................................................................. 555 Index 557
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