Sustainability
可持续性
《可持续发展》是一本关于人类环境、文化、经济和社会可持续性的国际、同行评审、开放获取期刊，由MDPI在线出版半月刊。加拿大城市交通研究与创新联盟 （CUTRIC）、国际建筑与施工研究与创新委员会 （CIB） 和城市土地学会 （ULI） 隶属于可持续发展，其成员可享受物品处理费折扣。
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
开放获取——读者免费，文章处理费 （APC） 由作者或其机构支付。- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE and SSCI (Web of Science), GEOBASE, GeoRef, Inspec, AGRIS, RePEc, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
高能见度：在 Scopus、SCIE 和 SSCI （Web of Science）、GEOBASE、GeoRef、Inspec、AGRIS、RePEc、CAPlus / SciFinder 和其他数据库中编入索引。- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Environmental Studies) / CiteScore - Q1 (Geography, Planning and Development)
期刊排名： JCR - Q2 （Environmental Studies） / CiteScore - Q1 （Geography， Planning and Development）- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 18.8 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
快速出版：稿件经过同行评审，并在提交后约 18.8 天向作者提供初步决定;接受发表时间为3.6天（2023年下半年在本刊发表的论文的中值）。- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
对审稿人的认可：提供及时、详尽的同行评审报告的审稿人将获得代金券，使他们有权在任何MDPI期刊上发表的下一次出版物的APC折扣，以表彰他们所做的工作。- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Sustainability.
感言：看看我们的编辑和作者对可持续发展的评价。- Companion journals for Sustainability include: World, Sustainable Chemistry, Conservation, Future Transportation, Architecture, Standards and Merits.
可持续发展的姊妹期刊包括：World、Sustainable Chemistry、Conservation、Future Transportation、Architecture、Standards and Merits。
影响因子：3.3（2023）;5年影响因子： 3.6 （2023）
Instructions for Authors
作者须知
Shortcuts 快捷方式
- Manuscript Submission Overview
稿件投稿概述 - Manuscript Preparation 稿件准备
- Preparing Figures, Schemes and Tables准备数字、方案和表格
- Supplementary Materials, Data Deposit and Software Source Code补充资料、数据保存和软件源代码
- Research and Publication Ethics研究与出版伦理
- Reviewer Suggestions 审稿人建议
- Extensive English Editing
广泛的英语编辑 - Preprints and Conference Papers
预印本和会议论文 - Authorship 作者
- Editorial Independence 编辑独立性
- Conflicts of Interest 利益冲突
- Editorial Procedures and Peer Review
编辑程序和同行评审 - Transfer Service 接送服务
- Promoting Equity, Diversity and Inclusiveness within MDPI Journals
促进MDPI期刊的公平性、多样性和包容性
Submission Checklist
提交清单
Please: 请：
- Read the Aims & Scope to gain an overview and assess if your manuscript is suitable for this journal;
阅读目标和范围，了解并评估您的稿件是否适合本期刊; - Use the Microsoft Word template or LaTeX template to prepare your manuscript;
使用 Microsoft Word 模板或 LaTeX 模板准备您的稿件; - Make sure that issues about publication ethics, research ethics, copyright, authorship, figure formats, data and references format have been appropriately considered;
确保适当考虑有关出版伦理、研究伦理、版权、作者身份、图表格式、数据和参考文献格式的问题; - Ensure that all authors have approved the content of the submitted manuscript and confirm that they read the Instructions for Authors.
确保所有作者都已批准所提交稿件的内容，并确认他们已阅读作者须知。 - Authors are encouraged to add a biography (optional) to the submission and post it to SciProfiles.
我们鼓励作者在投稿中添加传记（可选）并将其发布到 SciProfiles。
Manuscript Submission Overview
稿件投稿概述
Types of Publications 出版物类型
Full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced. Sustainability requires that authors publish all experimental controls and make full datasets available where possible (see the guidelines on Supplementary Materials and references to unpublished data).
必须提供完整的实验细节，以便可以重现结果。可持续性要求作者发布所有实验对照，并在可能的情况下提供完整的数据集（参见补充材料指南和未发表数据的参考文献）。
Manuscripts submitted to Sustainability should neither be published previously nor be under consideration for publication in another journal. The main article types are listed below and a comprehensive list of article types can be found here—please note that not all article types are available for all disciplines.
提交给Sustainability的稿件既不应在以前发表过，也不应考虑在其他期刊上发表。下面列出了主要的文章类型，可以在此处找到文章类型的完整列表——请注意，并非所有文章类型都适用于所有学科。
- Article: These are original research manuscripts. The work should report scientifically sound experiments and provide a substantial amount of new information. The article should include the most recent and relevant references in the field. The structure should include an Abstract, Keywords, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusions sections.
文章：这些是原始研究手稿。这项工作应该报告科学合理的实验，并提供大量的新信息。文章应包括该领域的最新和相关参考文献。结构应包括摘要、关键字、引言、材料和方法、结果、讨论和结论部分。
-
Review: Reviews offer a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature within a field of study, identifying current gaps or problems. They should be critical and constructive and provide recommendations for future research. No new, unpublished data should be presented. The structure can include an Abstract, Keywords, Introduction, Relevant Sections, Discussion, Conclusions, and Future Directions.
综述：综述对研究领域的现有文献进行全面分析，确定当前的差距或问题。它们应该是批判性和建设性的，并为未来的研究提供建议。不应提供新的、未发表的数据。该结构可以包括摘要、关键字、引言、相关部分、讨论、结论和未来方向。
A Scoping Review type can be submitted as a Review. The structure is similar to that of a review. Scoping reviews should strictly follow the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews checklist (http://www.prisma-statement.org/Extensions/ScopingReviews?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1) and submit the checklist as non-published material during submission. Templates for the flow diagram can be downloaded from the PRISMA website and the diagram should be included in the main text. We strongly encourage authors to register their detailed protocols, before data extraction commences, in a public registry such as the Open Science Framework (OSF) or Inplasy (INPLASY – International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols). Authors must include a statement about following the PRISMA guidelines and registration information (if available) in the Methods section.
范围审核类型可以作为审核提交。结构类似于评论的结构。范围界定审查应严格遵循 PRISMA 范围界定审查清单 （http://www.prisma-statement.org/Extensions/ScopingReviews?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1） 扩展，并在提交过程中将清单作为未发表的材料提交。流程图的模板可以从PRISMA网站下载，该图应包含在正文中。我们强烈建议作者在数据提取开始之前，在开放科学框架（https://osf.io/）或Inplasy（https://inplasy.com/）等公共注册表中注册他们的详细方案。作者必须在“方法”部分包含有关遵循PRISMA指南和注册信息（如果有）的声明。
Submission Process 投稿流程
Manuscripts for Sustainability should be submitted online at susy.mdpi.com. The submitting author, who is generally the corresponding author, is responsible for the manuscript during the submission and peer review process. The submitting author must ensure that all eligible co-authors have been included in the author list (read the criteria to qualify for authorship) and that they have all read and approved the submitted version of the manuscript. To submit your manuscript, register and log in to the submission website. Once you have registered, click here to go to the submission form for Sustainability. All co-authors can see the manuscript details in the submission system, if they register and log in using the e-mail address provided during manuscript submission.
可持续发展的手稿应在线提交，网址为 susy.mdpi.com。投稿作者（通常是通讯作者）在投稿和同行评审过程中对稿件负责。投稿作者必须确保所有符合条件的合著者都已被列入作者名单（阅读作者资格标准），并且他们都已阅读并批准了提交的稿件版本。要提交您的稿件，请注册并登录投稿网站。注册后，请点击此处进入可持续发展提交表格。所有合著者都可以在投稿系统中查看稿件详细信息，前提是他们使用投稿时提供的电子邮件地址注册并登录。
Accepted File Formats 接受的文件格式
Authors are encouraged to use the Microsoft Word template or LaTeX template to prepare their manuscript. Using the template file will substantially shorten the time to complete copy-editing and publication of accepted manuscripts. The total amount of data for all files must not exceed 120 MB. If this is a problem, please contact the Editorial Office sustainability@mdpi.com. Accepted file formats are:
鼓励作者使用Microsoft Word模板或LaTeX模板来准备他们的稿件。使用模板文件将大大缩短完成已接受稿件的文案编辑和出版的时间。所有文件的数据总量不得超过 120 MB。如果有问题，请 sustainability@mdpi.com 与编辑部联系。可接受的文件格式为：
- Microsoft Word: Manuscripts prepared in Microsoft Word must be converted into a single file before submission. When preparing manuscripts in Microsoft Word, we encourage you to use the Sustainability Microsoft Word template file. Please insert your graphics (schemes, figures, etc.) in the main text after the paragraph of its first citation.
Microsoft Word：在提交之前，必须将用Microsoft Word编写的手稿转换为单个文件。在 Microsoft Word 中准备稿件时，我们鼓励您使用 Microsoft Word 模板文件。请在正文中插入您的图形（方案、图形等）在第一次引用的段落之后。 - LaTeX: Manuscripts prepared in LaTeX must be collated into one ZIP folder (including all source files and images, so that the Editorial Office can recompile the submitted PDF). When preparing manuscripts in LaTeX, we encourage you to use the Sustainability LaTeX template files. You can now also use the online application writeLaTeX to submit articles directly to Sustainability. The MDPI LaTeX template file should be selected from the writeLaTeX template gallery.
LaTeX：用LaTeX编写的稿件必须整理到一个ZIP文件夹中（包括所有源文件和图像，以便编辑部可以重新编译提交的PDF）。在LaTeX中准备稿件时，我们鼓励您使用Sustainability LaTeX模板文件。您现在还可以使用在线应用程序 writeLaTeX 直接向 Sustainability 提交文章。应从 writeLaTeX 模板库中选择 MDPI LaTeX 模板文件。 - Supplementary files: May be any format, but it is recommended that you use common, non-proprietary formats where possible (see below for further details).
补充文件：可以是任何格式，但建议您尽可能使用通用的非专有格式（有关详细信息，请参见下文）。
Disclaimer: Usage of these templates is exclusively intended for submission to the journal for peer review, and strictly limited to this purpose and it cannot be used for posting online on preprint servers or other websites.
免责声明：这些模板的使用仅用于提交给期刊进行同行评审，并严格限于此目的，不能用于在预印本服务器或其他网站上在线发布。
Free Format Submission 自由格式提交
Sustainability now accepts free format submission:
Sustainability 现在接受自由格式提交：
- We do not have strict formatting requirements, but all manuscripts must contain the required sections: Author Information, Abstract, Keywords, Introduction, Materials & Methods, Results, Conclusions, Figures and Tables with Captions, Funding Information, Author Contributions, Conflict of Interest and other Ethics Statements. Check the Journal Instructions for Authors for more details.
我们没有严格的格式要求，但所有稿件必须包含所需的部分：作者信息、摘要、关键词、引言、材料和方法、结果、结论、带标题的图表、资助信息、作者贡献、利益冲突和其他道德声明。查看期刊作者须知了解更多详情。 - Your references may be in any style, provided that you use the consistent formatting throughout. It is essential to include author(s) name(s), journal or book title, article or chapter title (where required), year of publication, volume and issue (where appropriate) and pagination. DOI numbers (Digital Object Identifier) are not mandatory but highly encouraged. The bibliography software package EndNote, Zotero, Mendeley, Reference Manager are recommended.
您的参考文献可以采用任何样式，前提是您始终使用一致的格式。必须包括作者姓名、期刊或书名、文章或章节标题（如果需要）、出版年份、卷数和期号（如适用）以及分页。DOI 号（数字对象标识符）不是强制性的，但强烈建议使用。推荐使用参考书目软件包 EndNote、Zotero、Mendeley、Reference Manager。 - When your manuscript reaches the revision stage, you will be requested to format the manuscript according to the journal guidelines.
当您的稿件进入修改阶段时，您将被要求根据期刊指南对稿件进行格式化。
Cover Letter 求职信
A cover letter must be included with each manuscript submission. It should be concise and explain why the content of the paper is significant, placing the findings in the context of existing work. It should explain why the manuscript fits the scope of the journal.
每份稿件提交时必须附上一封求职信。它应该简明扼要，并解释为什么论文的内容很重要，将研究结果置于现有工作的背景下。它应该解释为什么手稿符合期刊的范围。
Any prior submissions of the manuscript to MDPI journals must be acknowledged. If this is the case, it is strongly recommended that the previous manuscript ID is provided in the submission system, which will ease your current submission process. The names of proposed and excluded reviewers should be provided in the submission system, not in the cover letter.
任何先前向MDPI期刊提交的稿件都必须得到确认。如果是这种情况，强烈建议在投稿系统中提供以前的稿件 ID，这将简化您当前的投稿流程。提议和排除的审稿人的姓名应在提交系统中提供，而不是在求职信中提供。
All cover letters are required to include the following statements:
所有求职信都必须包括以下陈述：
- We confirm that neither the manuscript nor any parts of its content are currently under consideration for publication with or published in another journal.
我们确认，该稿件及其内容的任何部分目前均未考虑在其他期刊上发表或发表。 - All authors have approved the manuscript and agree with its submission to Sustainability.
所有作者均已批准该稿件，并同意将其提交给Sustainability。
Author Identification 作者身份证明
Authors are encouraged to add a biography (300–1500 characters) to the submission and upload it to SciProfiles. This should be a single paragraph and should contain the following points:
鼓励作者在投稿中添加个人简介（300-1500 个字符）并将其上传到 SciProfiles。这应该是一个单独的段落，并应包含以下几点：
- Authors’ full names followed by current positions;
作者的全名后跟现任职位; - Education background including institution information and year of graduation (type and level of degree received);
教育背景，包括院校资料及毕业年份（所获学位的类型及级别）; - Work experience; 工作经验;
- Current and previous research interests;
当前和以前的研究兴趣; - Memberships of professional societies and awards received.
专业协会的成员资格和获得的奖项。
If a manuscript is accepted for publication, we will add an icon linking to your online ORCID profile in the final version of the published paper.
如果手稿被接受发表，我们将添加一个链接到您的在线图标 ORCID 在已发表论文的最终版本中个人资料。
Author Affiliation 作者单位
All authors should list their current affiliation and the affiliation where most research was carried out for the preparation of their manuscript. We recommend adding as primary the affiliation where most of the research was conducted or supported, but please check with your institution for any contractual agreement requirements.
所有作者都应列出他们当前的隶属关系以及为准备手稿而进行大多数研究的隶属关系。我们建议将大多数研究进行或支持的隶属关系添加为主要附属机构，但请咨询您的机构以了解任何合同协议要求。
It is very important that author names and affiliations are correct. Incorrect information can mean a lack of proper attribution or incorrect citation and can even lead to problems with promotion or funding. After the publication of an article, updates or corrections to the author’s address or affiliation may not be permitted.
作者姓名和单位正确无误非常重要。不正确的信息可能意味着缺乏正确的归属或不正确的引用，甚至可能导致晋升或资金问题。文章发表后，可能不允许对作者的地址或单位进行更新或更正。
Independent Researcher 独立研究员
If one or all the authors are not currently affiliated with a university, institution or company, or have not been during the development of the manuscript, they should list themselves as an “Independent Researcher”.
如果一位或所有作者目前不隶属于大学、机构或公司，或者没有参与稿件的开发，他们应将自己列为“独立研究人员”。
Manuscript Preparation 稿件准备
General Considerations 一般注意事项
- Research manuscripts should comprise:
研究稿件应包括：- Front matter: Title, Author list, Affiliations, Abstract, Keywords.
标题、作者列表、隶属关系、摘要、关键字。 - Research manuscript sections: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusions (optional).
研究手稿部分：引言、材料和方法、结果、讨论、结论（可选）。 - Back matter: Supplementary Materials, Acknowledgments, Author Contributions, Conflicts of Interest, References.
背景材料：补充材料、致谢、作者贡献、利益冲突、参考文献。
- Front matter: Title, Author list, Affiliations, Abstract, Keywords.
- Review manuscripts should comprise:
审稿应包括：- Front matter: Title, Author list, Affiliations, Abstract, Keywords.
标题、作者列表、隶属关系、摘要、关键字。 - Review sections: a literature review organized logically within specific sections and subsections (optional).
综述部分：在特定部分和小节（可选）中按逻辑组织起来的文献综述。 - Back matter: Acknowledgments, Author Contributions, Conflicts of Interest, References.
背景：致谢、作者贡献、利益冲突、参考文献。
The template file can be also used to prepare the front and back matter of your review manuscript. It is not necessary to follow the remaining structure.
模板文件还可用于准备审稿的正面和背面。没有必要遵循剩余的结构。Structured reviews and meta-analyses should use the same structure as research articles and should ensure they conform to the PRISMA guidelines.
结构化综述和荟萃分析应使用与研究文章相同的结构，并应确保它们符合PRISMA指南。 - Front matter: Title, Author list, Affiliations, Abstract, Keywords.
- Graphical Abstract: 图形摘要：
A graphical abstract (GA) is an image that appears alongside the text abstract in the Table of Contents. In addition to summarizing the content, it should represent the topic of the article in an attention-grabbing way. Moreover, it should not be exactly the same as the Figure in the paper or just a simple superposition of several subfigures. Note that the GA must be original and unpublished artwork. Any postage stamps, currency from any country, or trademarked items should not be included in it.
图形摘要 （GA） 是与目录中的文本摘要一起显示的图像。除了总结内容外，它还应该以引人注目的方式代表文章的主题。此外，它不应该与论文中的图形完全相同，或者只是几个子图的简单叠加。请注意，GA 必须是原创且未发表的艺术作品。任何邮票、来自任何国家的货币或商标物品都不应包含在其中。The GA should be a high-quality illustration or diagram in any of the following formats: PNG, JPEG, or TIFF. Written text in a GA should be clear and easy to read, using one of the following fonts: Times, Arial, Courier, Helvetica, Ubuntu or Calibri.
GA 应为以下任何格式的高质量插图或图表：PNG、JPEG 或 TIFF。GA 中的书面文本应清晰易读，使用以下字体之一：Times、Arial、Courier、Helvetica、Ubuntu 或 Calibri。The minimum required size for the GA is 560 × 1100 pixels (height × width). The size should be of high quality in order to reproduce well.
GA 所需的最小尺寸为 560 × 1100 像素（高度×宽度）。尺寸应为高质量，以便良好再现。 - Acronyms/Abbreviations/Initialisms should be defined the first time they appear in each of three sections: the abstract; the main text; the first figure or table. When defined for the first time, the acronym/abbreviation/initialism should be added in parentheses after the written-out form.
首字母缩略词/缩写词/缩写词应在首次出现在以下三个部分中时定义：摘要;正文;第一个图形或表格。首次定义时，应在书面形式后的括号中添加首字母缩略词/缩写/缩写。 - SI Units (International System of Units) should be used. Imperial, US customary and other units should be converted to SI units whenever possible.
应使用 SI 单位（国际单位制）。英制、美国习惯和其他单位应尽可能转换为国际单位制单位。 - Accession numbers of RNA, DNA and protein sequences used in the manuscript should be provided in the Materials and Methods section. Also see the section on Deposition of Sequences and Expression Data.
手稿中使用的RNA、DNA和蛋白质序列的登录号应在“材料和方法”部分提供。另请参阅序列和表达数据的沉积部分。 - Equations: If you are using Word, please use either the Microsoft Equation Editor or the MathType add-on. Equations should be editable by the editorial office and not appear in a picture format.
方程式：如果您使用的是Word，请使用Microsoft方程式编辑器或MathType附加组件。方程式应由编辑部编辑，不得以图片格式显示。 - Research Data and supplementary materials: Note that publication of your manuscript implies that you must make all materials, data, and protocols associated with the publication available to readers. Disclose at the submission stage any restrictions on the availability of materials or information. Read the information about Supplementary Materials and Data Deposit for additional guidelines.
研究数据和补充材料：请注意，发表您的手稿意味着您必须向读者提供与出版物相关的所有材料、数据和协议。在提交阶段披露对材料或信息可用性的任何限制。阅读有关补充材料和数据存放的信息，了解更多指南。 - Preregistration: Where authors have preregistered studies or analysis plans, links to the preregistration must be provided in the manuscript.
预注册：如果作者有预注册的研究或分析计划，则必须在稿件中提供预注册的链接。 - Guidelines and standards: MDPI follows standards and guidelines for certain types of research. See https://www.mdpi.com/editorial_process for further information.
指南和标准：MDPI遵循某些类型研究的标准和指南。有关详细信息，请参阅 https://www.mdpi.com/editorial_process。
Front Matter 正面物质
These sections should appear in all manuscript types
这些部分应出现在所有手稿类型中
- Title: The title of your manuscript should be concise, specific and relevant. It should identify if the study reports (human or animal) trial data, or is a systematic review, meta-analysis or replication study. When gene or protein names are included, the abbreviated name rather than full name should be used. Please do not include abbreviated or short forms of the title, such as a running title or head. These will be removed by our Editorial Office.
标题：稿件的标题应简明扼要、具体且相关。它应该确定研究报告的是（人类或动物）试验数据，还是系统评价、荟萃分析或重复研究。当包含基因或蛋白质名称时，应使用缩写名称而不是全名。请不要包含标题的缩写或缩写形式，例如运行标题或标题。这些将由我们的编辑部删除。 - Author List and Affiliations: Authors' full first and last names must be provided. The initials of any middle names can be added. The PubMed/MEDLINE standard format is used for affiliations: complete address information including city, zip code, state/province, and country. At least one author should be designated as the corresponding author. The email addresses of all authors will be displayed on published papers. It is the responsibility of the corresponding author to ensure that consent for the display of email addresses is obtained from all authors. If an author (other than the corresponding author) does not wish to have their email addresses displayed in this way, the corresponding author must indicate as such during proofreading. After acceptance, updates to author names or affiliations may not be permitted. Equal Contributions: authors who have contributed equally should be marked with a superscript symbol (†). The symbol must be included below the affiliations, and the following statement added: “These authors contributed equally to this work”. The equal roles of authors should also be adequately disclosed in the author contributions statement. Please read the criteria to qualify for authorship.
作者列表和单位：必须提供作者的全名和姓氏。可以添加任何中间名的首字母。PubMed/MEDLINE 标准格式用于隶属关系：完整的地址信息，包括城市、邮政编码、州/省和国家/地区。至少应指定一名作者为通讯作者。所有作者的电子邮件地址将显示在已发表的论文中。通讯作者有责任确保获得所有作者对显示电子邮件地址的同意。如果作者（通讯作者除外）不希望以这种方式显示其电子邮件地址，则通讯作者必须在校对时注明。接受后，可能不允许更新作者姓名或隶属关系。同等贡献：同等贡献的作者应标有上标符号 （†）。该符号必须包含在隶属关系下方，并添加了以下声明：“这些作者对这项工作做出了同等贡献”。作者的平等角色也应在作者贡献声明中充分披露。请阅读符合作者资格的标准。 - Abstract: The abstract should be a total of about 200 words maximum. The abstract should be a single paragraph and should follow the style of structured abstracts, but without headings: 1) Background: Place the question addressed in a broad context and highlight the purpose of the study; 2) Methods: Describe briefly the main methods or treatments applied. Include any relevant preregistration numbers, and species and strains of any animals used; 3) Results: Summarize the article's main findings; and 4) Conclusion: Indicate the main conclusions or interpretations. The abstract should be an objective representation of the article: it must not contain results which are not presented and substantiated in the main text and should not exaggerate the main conclusions.
摘要：摘要总字数应在200字左右。摘要应为单个段落，并应遵循结构化摘要的风格，但不得标题：1）背景：将所讨论的问题置于广泛的背景中，并突出研究的目的;2）方法：简要描述应用的主要方法或治疗方法。包括任何相关的预注册编号，以及所用动物的种类和品系;3）结果：总结文章的主要发现;4）结论：指出主要结论或解释。摘要应客观地陈述文章：不得包含正文中未提出和证实的结果，也不应夸大主要结论。 - Keywords: Three to ten pertinent keywords need to be added after the abstract. We recommend that the keywords are specific to the article, yet reasonably common within the subject discipline.
关键词：摘要后需要添加三到十个相关关键词。我们建议关键字是特定于文章的，但在学科中相当通用。
Research Manuscript Sections
研究手稿部分
- Introduction: The introduction should briefly place the study in a broad context and highlight why it is important. It should define the purpose of the work and its significance, including specific hypotheses being tested. The current state of the research field should be reviewed carefully and key publications cited. Please highlight controversial and diverging hypotheses when necessary. Finally, briefly mention the main aim of the work and highlight the main conclusions. Keep the introduction comprehensible to scientists working outside the topic of the paper.
引言：引言应简要地将研究置于广泛的背景中，并强调其重要性。它应该定义工作的目的及其意义，包括正在测试的具体假设。应仔细审查研究领域的现状，并引用主要出版物。必要时请强调有争议和分歧的假设。最后，简要提及工作的主要目的并突出主要结论。保持引言对在论文主题之外工作的科学家来说是可以理解的。 - Materials and Methods: They should be described with sufficient detail to allow others to replicate and build on published results. New methods and protocols should be described in detail while well-established methods can be briefly described and appropriately cited. Give the name and version of any software used and make clear whether computer code used is available. Include any pre-registration codes.
材料和方法：它们应该被描述得足够详细，以便其他人复制和建立在已发表的结果之上。应详细描述新的方法和协议，而可以简要描述和适当引用成熟的方法。提供所用软件的名称和版本，并明确所使用的计算机代码是否可用。包括任何预注册代码。 - Results: Provide a concise and precise description of the experimental results, their interpretation as well as the experimental conclusions that can be drawn.
结果：简明扼要地描述实验结果、解释以及可以得出的实验结论。 - Discussion: Authors should discuss the results and how they can be interpreted in perspective of previous studies and of the working hypotheses. The findings and their implications should be discussed in the broadest context possible and limitations of the work highlighted. Future research directions may also be mentioned. This section may be combined with Results.
讨论：作者应该讨论结果以及如何根据以前的研究和工作假设来解释它们。应在尽可能广泛的背景下讨论研究结果及其影响，并强调工作的局限性。未来研究方向也值得一提。此部分可以与结果合并使用。 - Conclusions: This section is not mandatory but can be added to the manuscript if the discussion is unusually long or complex.
结论：这一部分不是强制性的，但如果讨论异常冗长或复杂，可以添加到稿件中。 - Patents: This section is not mandatory but may be added if there are patents resulting from the work reported in this manuscript.
专利：本节不是强制性的，但如果本手稿中报告的工作产生了专利，则可以添加此部分。
Back Matter 背质
- Supplementary Materials: Describe any supplementary material published online alongside the manuscript (figure, tables, video, spreadsheets, etc.). Please indicate the name and title of each element as follows Figure S1: title, Table S1: title, etc.
补充材料：描述与手稿一起在线发布的任何补充材料（图、表格、视频、电子表格等）。请注明每个元素的名称和标题，如下图S1：标题，表S1：标题等。 - Author Contributions: Each author is expected to have made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data; or the creation of new software used in the work; or have drafted the work or substantively revised it; AND has approved the submitted version (and version substantially edited by journal staff that involves the author’s contribution to the study); AND agrees to be personally accountable for the author’s own contributions and for ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work, even ones in which the author was not personally involved, are appropriately investigated, resolved, and documented in the literature.
作者贡献：每位作者都应为作品的构思或设计做出重大贡献;或获取、分析或解释数据;或创建工作中使用的新软件;或已起草或对作品进行实质性修改;并已批准提交的版本（以及由期刊工作人员大量编辑的涉及作者对研究的贡献的版本）;并同意对作者自己的贡献承担个人责任，并确保与作品任何部分的准确性或完整性相关的问题，即使是作者没有亲自参与的问题，也得到适当的调查、解决和记录在文献中。
For research articles with several authors, a short paragraph specifying their individual contributions must be provided. The following statements should be used "Conceptualization, X.X. and Y.Y.; Methodology, X.X.; Software, X.X.; Validation, X.X., Y.Y. and Z.Z.; Formal Analysis, X.X.; Investigation, X.X.; Resources, X.X.; Data Curation, X.X.; Writing – Original Draft Preparation, X.X.; Writing – Review & Editing, X.X.; Visualization, X.X.; Supervision, X.X.; Project Administration, X.X.; Funding Acquisition, Y.Y.”, please turn to the CRediT taxonomy for the term explanation. For more background on CRediT, see here. "Authorship must include and be limited to those who have contributed substantially to the work. Please read the section concerning the criteria to qualify for authorship carefully".
对于有多位作者的研究文章，必须提供一小段说明他们的个人贡献。应使用以下语句“概念化，X.X.和Y.Y.;方法论，X.X.;软件，X.X.;验证，X.X.、Y.Y. 和 Z.Z.;形式分析，X.X.;调查，X.X.;资源，X.X.;数据管理，X.X.;写作 – 初稿准备，X.X.;写作 – 审查和编辑，X.X.;可视化，X.X.;监督，X.X.;项目管理，X.X.;Funding Acquisition， Y.Y.“，请转向 CRediT 分类法了解术语解释。有关 CRediT 的更多背景信息，请参阅此处。“作者身份必须包括并限于那些对工作有重大贡献的人。请仔细阅读有关作者资格标准的部分“。 - Funding: All sources of funding of the study should be disclosed. Clearly indicate grants that you have received in support of your research work and if you received funds to cover publication costs. Note that some funders will not refund article processing charges (APC) if the funder and grant number are not clearly and correctly identified in the paper. Funding information can be entered separately into the submission system by the authors during submission of their manuscript. Such funding information, if available, will be deposited to FundRef if the manuscript is finally published.
资金：应披露研究的所有资金来源。明确说明您为支持您的研究工作而获得的赠款，以及您是否获得了用于支付出版费用的资金。请注意，如果论文中没有明确正确地识别出资助者和资助编号，一些资助者将不退还文章处理费 （APC）。作者在投稿时可以单独将资助信息输入投稿系统。如果手稿最终出版，此类资助信息（如果有）将存入 FundRef。
Please add: “This research received no external funding” or “This research was funded by [name of funder] grant number [xxx]” and “The APC was funded by [XXX]” in this section. Check carefully that the details given are accurate and use the standard spelling of funding agency names at https://search.crossref.org/funding, any errors may affect your future funding.
请在本节中添加：“本研究未获得外部资助”或“本研究由[资助者姓名]资助号[xxx]”和“APC由[XXX]资助”。仔细检查所提供的详细信息是否准确，并在 https://search.crossref.org/funding 使用资助机构名称的标准拼写，任何错误都可能影响您未来的资助。 - Institutional Review Board Statement: In this section, please add the Institutional Review Board Statement and approval number for studies involving humans or animals. Please note that the Editorial Office might ask you for further information. Please add “The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of NAME OF INSTITUTE (protocol code XXX and date of approval).” OR “Ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to REASON (please provide a detailed justification).” OR “Not applicable” for studies not involving humans or animals. You might also choose to exclude this statement if the study did not involve humans or animals.
机构审查委员会声明：在本节中，请添加涉及人类或动物的研究的机构审查委员会声明和批准号。请注意，编辑部可能会要求您提供更多信息。请添加“该研究是根据《赫尔辛基宣言》的指导方针进行的，并得到了机构审查委员会（或伦理委员会）的批准，其名称为研究所（协议代码XXX和批准日期）。“或”由于原因，本研究的伦理审查和批准被放弃（请提供详细的理由）。”或“不适用”不涉及人类或动物的研究。如果研究不涉及人类或动物，您也可以选择排除此陈述。 - Informed Consent Statement: Any research article describing a study involving humans should contain this statement. Please add “Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.” OR “Patient consent was waived due to REASON (please provide a detailed justification).” OR “Not applicable.” for studies not involving humans. You might also choose to exclude this statement if the study did not involve humans.
知情同意声明：任何描述涉及人类的研究的研究文章都应包含此声明。请添加“已获得参与研究的所有受试者的知情同意”。或“由于原因放弃了患者同意（请提供详细的理由）”。或“不适用”，用于不涉及人类的研究。如果研究不涉及人类，您也可以选择排除此陈述。
Written informed consent for publication must be obtained from participating patients who can be identified (including by the patients themselves). Please state “Written informed consent has been obtained from the patient(s) to publish this paper” if applicable.
必须从可以识别的参与患者（包括患者自己）获得书面知情同意书才能发表。如果适用，请说明“已获得患者的书面知情同意书以发表本文”。 - Data Availability Statement: In this section, please provide details regarding where data supporting reported results can be found, including links to publicly archived datasets analyzed or generated during the study. Please refer to suggested Data Availability Statements in section “MDPI Research Data Policies”. You might choose to exclude this statement if the study did not report any data.
数据可用性声明：在本节中，请提供有关支持报告结果的数据的位置的详细信息，包括指向研究期间分析或生成的公开存档数据集的链接。请参阅“MDPI 研究数据政策”部分中建议的数据可用性声明。如果研究没有报告任何数据，您可以选择排除此陈述。 - Acknowledgments: In this section you can acknowledge any support given which is not covered by the author contribution or funding sections. This may include administrative and technical support, or donations in kind (e.g., materials used for experiments).
致谢：在本节中，您可以感谢作者贡献或资助部分未涵盖的任何支持。这可能包括行政和技术支持，或实物捐赠（例如，用于实验的材料）。 - Conflicts of Interest: Authors must identify and declare any personal circumstances or interest that may be perceived as influencing the representation or interpretation of reported research results. If there is no conflict of interest, please state "The authors declare no conflict of interest." Any role of the funding sponsors in the choice of research project; design of the study; in the collection, analyses or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results must be declared in this section. Sustainability does not publish studies funded partially or fully by the tobacco industry. Any projects funded by industry must pay special attention to the full declaration of funder involvement. If there is no role, please state “The sponsors had no role in the design, execution, interpretation, or writing of the study”. For more details please see Conflict of Interest.
利益冲突：作者必须确定并声明任何可能被视为影响所报告研究结果的陈述或解释的个人情况或利益。如果没有利益冲突，请注明“作者声明没有利益冲突”。资助者在选择研究项目方面的任何角色;研究设计;在数据的收集、分析或解释中;在手稿的写作中;或在决定公布结果时，必须在本节中声明。可持续发展不发表部分或全部由烟草业资助的研究。任何由行业资助的项目都必须特别注意出资者参与的完整声明。如果没有角色，请说明“申办者在研究的设计、执行、解释或撰写中没有角色”。有关详细信息，请参阅利益冲突。 - References: References must be numbered in order of appearance in the text (including table captions and figure legends) and listed individually at the end of the manuscript. We recommend preparing the references with a bibliography software package, such as EndNote, ReferenceManager or Zotero to avoid typing mistakes and duplicated references. We encourage citations to data, computer code and other citable research material. If available online, you may use reference style 9. below.
参考文献：参考文献必须按正文中出现的顺序编号（包括表格标题和图表图例），并在稿件末尾单独列出。我们建议使用参考书目软件包（如EndNote、ReferenceManager或Zotero）准备参考文献，以避免输入错误和重复的参考文献。我们鼓励引用数据、计算机代码和其他可引用的研究材料。如果在线提供，您可以使用参考样式 9。下面。 - Citations and References in Supplementary files are permitted provided that they also appear in the main text and in the reference list.
允许在补充文件中引用和参考文献，前提是它们也出现在正文和参考文献列表中。
In the text, reference numbers should be placed in square brackets [ ], and placed before the punctuation; for example [1], [1–3] or [1,3]. For embedded citations in the text with pagination, use both parentheses and brackets to indicate the reference number and page numbers; for example [5] (p. 10). or [6] (pp. 101–105).
在正文中，参考编号应放在方括号[ ]中，并放在标点符号之前;例如 [1]、[1–3] 或 [1,3]。对于文本中嵌入的带有分页的引文，请同时使用括号和括号来表示参考编号和页码;例如[5]（第10页）。或[6]（第101-105页）。
The reference list should include the full title, as recommended by the ACS style guide. Style files for Endnote and Zotero are available.
参考文献列表应包括完整标题，正如 ACS 风格指南所建议的那样。Endnote 和 Zotero 的样式文件可用。
References should be described as follows, depending on the type of work:
参考文献应描述如下，具体取决于工作类型：
- Journal Articles: 期刊文章：
1. Author 1, A.B.; Author 2, C.D. Title of the article. Abbreviated Journal Name Year, Volume, page range.
1. 作者 1， A.B.;作者 2， C.D. 文章标题。缩写期刊名称：年份、卷、页码范围。 - Books and Book Chapters: 书籍和书籍章节：
2. Author 1, A.; Author 2, B. Book Title, 3rd ed.; Publisher: Publisher Location, Country, Year; pp. 154–196.
2. 作者 1， A.;作者 2， B. 书名，第 3 版;发布者：发布者位置、国家/地区、年份;第154-196页。
3. Author 1, A.; Author 2, B. Title of the chapter. In Book Title, 2nd ed.; Editor 1, A., Editor 2, B., Eds.; Publisher: Publisher Location, Country, Year; Volume 3, pp. 154–196.
3. 作者 1， A.;作者 2， B. 章节标题。在书名中，第 2 版;编辑 1、A.、编辑 2、B.、编辑;发布者：发布者位置、国家/地区、年份;第 3 卷，第 154-196 页。 - Unpublished materials intended for publication:
拟出版的未出版材料：
4. Author 1, A.B.; Author 2, C. Title of Unpublished Work (optional). Correspondence Affiliation, City, State, Country. year, status (manuscript in preparation; to be submitted).
4. 作者 1， A.B.;作者 2，C. 未发表作品的标题（可选）。通信隶属关系、城市、州、国家。年份，状态（手稿正在准备中;待提交）。
5. Author 1, A.B.; Author 2, C. Title of Unpublished Work. Abbreviated Journal Name year, phrase indicating stage of publication (submitted; accepted; in press).
5. 作者 1， A.B.;作者 2，C. 未发表作品的标题。缩写期刊名称年份，表示出版阶段的短语（已提交、已接受、正在出版）。 - Unpublished materials not intended for publication:
不打算出版的未出版材料：
6. Author 1, A.B. (Affiliation, City, State, Country); Author 2, C. (Affiliation, City, State, Country). Phase describing the material, year. (phase: Personal communication; Private communication; Unpublished work; etc.)
6. 作者 1， A.B. （隶属关系、城市、州、国家）;作者 2， C.（隶属关系、城市、州、国家）。描述材料、年份的阶段。（阶段：个人交流;私人通信;未发表的作品;等） - Conference Proceedings: 会议论文集：
7. Author 1, A.B.; Author 2, C.D.; Author 3, E.F. Title of Presentation. In Title of the Collected Work (if available), Proceedings of the Name of the Conference, Location of Conference, Country, Date of Conference; Editor 1, Editor 2, Eds. (if available); Publisher: City, Country, Year (if available); Abstract Number (optional), Pagination (optional).
7. 作者 1， A.B.;作者 2， C.D.;作者 3，E.F. 演讲标题。在所收集作品的标题（如有）中，会议记录、会议地点、国家、会议日期;编辑 1、编辑 2、编辑（如有）;发布者：城市、国家、年份（如果有）;摘要编号（可选），分页（可选）。 - Thesis: 论文：
8. Author 1, A.B. Title of Thesis. Level of Thesis, Degree-Granting University, Location of University, Date of Completion.
8. 作者 1，A.B. 论文题目。论文级别、学位授予大学、大学所在地、毕业日期。 - Websites: 网站：
9. Title of Site. Available online: URL (accessed on Day Month Year).
9. 网站标题。可在线获取：URL（在日月年访问）。
Unlike published works, websites may change over time or disappear, so we encourage you create an archive of the cited website using a service such as WebCite. Archived websites should be cited using the link provided as follows:
与已发表的作品不同，网站可能会随着时间的推移而改变或消失，因此我们鼓励您使用 WebCite 等服务创建引用网站的存档。应使用以下链接引用存档网站：
10. Title of Site. URL (archived on Day Month Year).
10. 网站标题。URL （存档于日月年）.
See the Reference List and Citations Guide for more detailed information.
有关更多详细信息，请参阅参考文献列表和引文指南。
Preparing Figures, Schemes and Tables
准备数字、方案和表格
- File for Figures and Schemes must be provided during submission in a single zip archive and at a sufficiently high resolution (minimum 1000 pixels width/height, or a resolution of 300 dpi or higher). Common formats are accepted, however, TIFF, JPEG, EPS and PDF are preferred.
在提交过程中，必须在单个 zip 存档中以足够高的分辨率（最小 1000 像素宽/高，或分辨率为 300 dpi 或更高）提供图形和方案文件。接受常见格式，但首选 TIFF、JPEG、EPS 和 PDF。 - Sustainability can publish multimedia files in articles or as supplementary materials. Please contact the editorial office for further information.
可持续性可以在文章中发布多媒体文件或作为补充材料。详情请咨询编辑部。 - All Figures, Schemes and Tables should be inserted into the main text close to their first citation and must be numbered following their number of appearance (Figure 1, Scheme 1, Figure 2, Scheme 2, Table 1, etc.).
所有图、方案和表格都应插入正文中，靠近其第一次引用，并且必须按照其出现次数编号（图1、方案1、图2、方案2、表1等）。 - All Figures, Schemes and Tables should have a short explanatory title and caption.
所有图、方案和表格都应有一个简短的解释性标题和说明。 - All table columns should have an explanatory heading. To facilitate the copy-editing of larger tables, smaller fonts may be used, but no less than 8 pt. in size. Authors should use the Table option of Microsoft Word to create tables.
所有表格列都应具有解释性标题。为了便于对较大的表格进行复制编辑，可以使用较小的字体，但大小不小于 8 磅。作者应使用 Microsoft Word 的“表”选项创建表。 - Authors are encouraged to prepare figures and schemes in color (RGB at 8-bit per channel). There is no additional cost for publishing full color graphics.
鼓励作者准备彩色图形和方案（每通道 8 位的 RGB）。发布全彩色图形不会产生额外费用。
Supplementary Materials, Data Deposit and Software Source Code
补充资料、数据保存和软件源代码
MDPI Research Data Policies
MDPI 研究数据政策
MDPI is committed to supporting open scientific exchange and enabling our authors to achieve best practices in sharing and archiving research data. We encourage all authors of articles published in MDPI journals to share their research data including, but not limited to protocols, analytic methods, raw data, processed data, code, software, algorithms, and study material. The data should be FAIR – findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable – so that other researchers can locate and use the data.
MDPI致力于支持开放的科学交流，使我们的作者能够在共享和存档研究数据方面实现最佳实践。我们鼓励所有在MDPI期刊上发表的文章的作者分享他们的研究数据，包括但不限于协议、分析方法、原始数据、处理数据、代码、软件、算法和研究材料。数据应该是公平的——可查找、可访问、可互操作和可重用——以便其他研究人员可以定位和使用数据。
We recommend that data and code should be deposited in a trusted repository that will allow for maximum reuse (see the Data Preservation section below). If this is not possible, authors are encouraged to share the specific reason in the Data Availability Statement and make this material available upon request to interested researchers. In addition, research materials necessary to enable the reproduction of an experiment should be indicated in the Materials and Methods section. Individual journal guidelines can be found at the journal ‘Instructions for Authors’ page. Data sharing policies concern the minimal dataset that supports the central findings of a published study. Generated data should be publicly available and cited in accordance with journal guidelines.
我们建议将数据和代码存放在允许最大程度重复使用的受信任存储库中（请参阅下面的“数据保存”部分）。如果无法做到这一点，我们鼓励作者在数据可用性声明中分享具体原因，并根据要求向感兴趣的研究人员提供此材料。此外，应在“材料和方法”部分注明能够复制实验所需的研究材料。个别期刊指南可在期刊的“作者须知”页面上找到。数据共享政策涉及支持已发表研究的核心发现的最小数据集。生成的数据应公开提供，并按照期刊指南进行引用。
MDPI data policies are informed by TOP Guidelines.
MDPI 数据策略以 TOP 指南为依据。
Where ethical, legal, or privacy issues are present, data should not be shared. The authors should clarify the availability status of the data upon submission and make any limitations or exceptions clear in the Data Availability Statement. Authors should ensure that the data shared is in accordance with consent provided by participants on the use of confidential data. Authors should ensure that the publication of such data does not compromise the anonymity of the participants or breach local data protection laws.
如果存在道德、法律或隐私问题，则不应共享数据。作者应在提交时澄清数据的可用性状态，并在数据可用性声明中明确说明任何限制或例外情况。作者应确保共享的数据符合参与者对使用机密数据的同意。作者应确保此类数据的发布不会损害参与者的匿名性或违反当地的数据保护法。
In situations where access is restricted to protect confidential or proprietary information, authors will be requested to clearly explain the restrictions on the dataset and make the data available upon request, with permission for the purposes of peer review.
在为保护机密或专有信息而限制访问的情况下，将要求作者清楚地解释对数据集的限制，并根据要求提供数据，并允许进行同行评审。
MDPI recognizes that some institutions and funding agencies only require the retention of research data for a finite period after a project’s completion or publication. However, there are no such limits specified within the MDPI Data Availability Policy and, therefore, we encourage the authors to archive their research data through appropriate data repositories or provide us with minimal datasets within Supplementary Material.
MDPI认识到，一些机构和资助机构只要求在项目完成或出版后的有限时间内保留研究数据。但是，MDPI数据可用性政策中没有规定此类限制，因此，我们鼓励作者通过适当的数据存储库存档他们的研究数据，或在补充材料中为我们提供最少的数据集。
Data availability statements
数据可用性声明
Data availability statements are required for all articles published with MDPI. During the peer review and editorial decision process, authors can be asked to share existing datasets or raw data that have been analyzed in the manuscript, and whether they will be made available to other researchers following publication. Authors will also be asked for the details of any existing datasets that have been analyzed in the manuscript.
使用 MDPI 发布的所有文章都需要数据可用性声明。在同行评审和编辑决策过程中，可以要求作者分享在稿件中分析的现有数据集或原始数据，以及它们是否会在发表后提供给其他研究人员。作者还将被要求提供手稿中分析的任何现有数据集的详细信息。
Below are the recommended Data Availability Statements:
以下是推荐的数据可用性声明：
| Data availability status 数据可用性状态 | Recommended Data Availability Statement 推荐的数据可用性声明 |
| Data available in a publicly accessible repository 可公开访问的存储库中提供的数据 | The original data presented in the study are openly available in [repository name, e.g., FigShare] at [DOI/URL] or [reference/accession number]. 研究中提供的原始数据可在 [存储库名称，例如 FigShare] 的 [DOI/URL] 或 [参考文献/入藏号] 中公开获得。 |
| Data available on request due to restrictions (e.g., privacy, legal or ethical reasons) 由于限制（例如，隐私、法律或道德原因）而应要求提供数据 | The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author due to (specify the reason for the restriction). 本研究中提供的数据可应通讯作者的要求提供，原因是（请说明限制的原因）。 |
| 3rd Party Data 第三方数据 | Restrictions apply to the availability of these data. Data were obtained from [third party] and are available [from the authors/at URL] with the permission of [third party]. 这些数据的可用性受到限制。数据是从[第三方]获得的，经[第三方]许可，[从作者/网址]获得。 |
| Embargo on data due to commercial restrictions 由于商业限制而对数据实施禁运 | The data that support the findings will be available in [repository name] at [URL / DOI link] following an embargo from the date of publication to allow for commercialization of research findings. 支持研究结果的数据将在[存储库名称]的[URL/DOI链接]中提供，自发布之日起实施禁运，以允许研究结果的商业化。 |
| Restrictions apply to the datasets 限制适用于数据集 | The datasets presented in this article are not readily available because [include reason, e.g., the data are part of an ongoing study or due to technical/ time limitations]. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to [text input]. 本文中介绍的数据集并不容易获得，因为[包括原因，例如，数据是正在进行的研究的一部分或由于技术/时间限制]。访问数据集的请求应定向到 [文本输入]。 |
| Data derived from public domain resources 源自公共领域资源的数据 | The data presented in this study are available in [repository name] at [URL/DOI], reference number [reference number]. These data were derived from the following resources available in the public domain: [list resources and URLs] 本研究中提供的数据可在 [URL/DOI] 的 [存储库名称] 中找到，参考编号 [参考编号]。这些数据来自公共领域中可用的以下资源：[列出资源和 URL] |
| Data sharing is not applicable (only appropriate if no new data is generated or the article describes entirely theoretical research 数据共享不适用（仅适用于未生成新数据或文章完全描述理论研究的情况 | No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article 本研究未创建或分析新数据。数据共享不适用于本文 |
| Data is contained within the article or supplementary material 数据包含在文章或补充材料中 | The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s. 研究中提出的原始贡献包含在文章/补充材料中，进一步的查询可直接向通讯作者咨询。 |
| Dataset available on request from the authors 数据集可应作者要求提供 | The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request. 支持本文结论的原始数据将由作者根据要求提供。 |
Data preservation 数据保存
MDPI acknowledges that researchers, institutions, journals, and data repositories have a shared responsibility to ensure long-term data preservation, and MDPI encourages authors to select data repositories with this goal in mind.
MDPI承认，研究人员、机构、期刊和数据存储库在确保长期数据保存方面负有共同责任，MDPI鼓励作者在选择数据存储库时牢记这一目标。
MDPI encourages authors to commit to preserving their datasets on their laboratory or institutional servers, for at least five years after publication. If, during that time, the repository to which the data were originally submitted disappears or experiences data loss, we may ask the authors to upload the data to another repository and publish a correction or update to the original publication.
MDPI鼓励作者承诺在发表后至少五年内将其数据集保存在其实验室或机构服务器上。如果在此期间，最初提交数据的存储库消失或出现数据丢失，我们可能会要求作者将数据上传到另一个存储库，并发布对原始出版物的更正或更新。
If authors remove their data from the original public repository or change access criteria in a manner that is inconsistent with the publication, we may ask authors to notify the editorial office as soon as possible.
如果作者从原始公共存储库中删除其数据或以与出版物不一致的方式更改访问标准，我们可能会要求作者尽快通知编辑部。
How to choose an appropriate data repository
如何选择合适的数据存储库
MDPI encourages the submission of data to community-recognized data repositories where possible. We recommend the authors visit re3data.org or fairsharing.org to help identify registered and certified data repositories relevant to their subject area if no community resource is available. If the authors’ institution has its generalist data repository this can be used to host authors’ data as long as the repository can mint DataCite DOIs, and allows for data to be shared under open terms of use (for example the CC0 waiver).
MDPI鼓励在可能的情况下向社区认可的数据存储库提交数据。如果没有可用的社区资源，我们建议作者访问 re3data.org 或 fairsharing.org，以帮助识别与其主题领域相关的注册和认证数据存储库。如果作者所在机构拥有其通用数据存储库，则只要该存储库可以铸造 DataCite DOI，并允许根据开放使用条款（例如 CC0 豁免）共享数据，就可以将其用于托管作者的数据。
Data repository criteria 数据存储库条件
The following criteria should be considered when selecting an appropriate repository, ensuring that platforms:
在选择适当的存储库时，应考虑以下标准，确保平台：
- Ensure long-term persistence and preservation of datasets in their published form;
确保数据集以已发布的形式长期持久保存; - Provide stable identifiers for submitted datasets (DOIs in most cases);
为提交的数据集（大多数情况下为 DOI）提供稳定的标识符; - Allow public access to data without barriers, such as logins or paywalls;
允许公众无障碍访问数据，例如登录或付费墙; - Support open licenses (CC0 and CC-BY, or their equivalents, are required in most cases);
支持开放许可证（在大多数情况下需要 CC0 和 CC-BY 或其等效项）; - Provide confidential review of submitted datasets without the requirement for reviewers to provide identifying information.
对提交的数据集进行保密审查，而无需审查者提供识别信息。
Data citation 数据引用
Authors are encouraged to formally cite any datasets stored in external repositories that are mentioned within their manuscript, including the main datasets that are the focus of the submission, as well as any other datasets that have been used in the work. For previously published datasets, authors should cite both the related research articles and the datasets themselves. Appropriate citation of data is checked and enforced by Journal Editorial staff before publication.
我们鼓励作者正式引用其稿件中提到的任何存储在外部存储库中的数据集，包括作为投稿重点的主要数据集，以及工作中使用的任何其他数据集。对于以前发表的数据集，作者应同时引用相关的研究文章和数据集本身。期刊编辑人员在出版前检查并强制执行适当的数据引用。
Computer Code and Software
计算机代码和软件
For work where novel computer code was developed, authors should release the code either by depositing in a recognized, public repository such as GitHub or uploading as supplementary information to the publication. The name, version, corporation and location information for all software used should be clearly indicated. Please include all the parameters used to run software/programs analyses.
对于开发新计算机代码的工作，作者应通过存放在公认的公共存储库（如 GitHub）或作为补充信息上传到出版物中来发布代码。应明确标明所有使用软件的名称、版本、公司和位置信息。请包括用于运行软件/程序分析的所有参数。
Additional data and files can be uploaded as "Supplementary Files" during the manuscript submission process. The supplementary files will also be available to the referees as part of the peer review process. Any file format is acceptable; however, we recommend that common, non-proprietary formats are used where possible. For more information on supplementary materials, please refer to MDPI | Layout Style Guide.
在稿件提交过程中，其他数据和文件可以作为“补充文件”上传。作为同行评审过程的一部分，补充文件也将提供给裁判。任何文件格式都是可以接受的;但是，我们建议尽可能使用通用的非专有格式。有关补充材料的更多信息，请参阅 https://www.mdpi.com/authors/layout#_bookmark83。
References in Supplementary Files
补充文件中的参考文献
Citations and References in Supplementary files are permitted provided that they also appear in the reference list of the main text.
允许在补充文件中引用和参考文献，前提是它们也出现在正文的参考文献列表中。
Restrictions on data availability should be noted during submission and in the manuscript. "Data not shown" should be avoided: authors are encouraged to publish all observations related to the submitted manuscript as Supplementary Material. "Unpublished data" intended for publication in a manuscript that is either planned, "in preparation" or "submitted" but not yet accepted, should be cited in the text and a reference should be added in the References section. "Personal Communication" should also be cited in the text and reference added in the References section. (see also the MDPI reference list and citations style guide).
在投稿时和稿件中应注意数据可用性的限制。应避免“未显示数据”：鼓励作者将与所提交稿件相关的所有观察结果作为补充材料发表。计划在计划、“准备中”或“已提交”但尚未被接受的稿件中发表的“未发表数据”应在正文中引用，并应在“参考文献”部分添加参考文献。“个人通信”也应在“参考文献”部分添加的文本和参考文献中引用。（另请参阅MDPI参考文献列表和引文样式指南）。
Remote Hosting and Large Data Sets
远程托管和大型数据集
Data may be deposited with specialized service providers or institutional/subject repositories, preferably those that use the DataCite mechanism. Large data sets and files greater than 60 MB must be deposited in this way. For a list of other repositories specialized in scientific and experimental data, please consult databib.org or re3data.org. The data repository name, link to the data set (URL) and accession number, doi or handle number of the data set must be provided in the paper. The journal Data also accepts submissions of data set papers.
数据可以存放在专门的服务提供商或机构/主题存储库，最好是那些使用DataCite机制的存储库。大型数据集和大于 60 MB 的文件必须以这种方式存储。有关专门用于科学和实验数据的其他存储库的列表，请查阅 databib.org 或 re3data.org。论文中必须提供数据存储库名称、数据集链接（URL）和数据集的登录号、doi或句柄号。《数据》杂志也接受数据集论文的投稿。
Deposition of Sequences and Expression Data
序列和表达数据的沉积
New sequence information must be deposited to the appropriate database prior to submission of the manuscript. Accession numbers provided by the database should be included in the submitted manuscript. Manuscripts will not be published until the accession number is provided.
在提交稿件之前，必须将新的序列信息存入相应的数据库。数据库提供的入藏号应包含在提交的稿件中。在提供入藏号之前，手稿不会发表。
- New nucleic acid sequences must be deposited into an acceptable repository such as GenBank, EMBL, or DDBJ. Sequences should be submitted to only one database.
新的核酸序列必须存入可接受的存储库，例如 GenBank、EMBL 或 DDBJ。序列只能提交到一个数据库。 - New high throughput sequencing (HTS) datasets (RNA-seq, ChIP-Seq, degradome analysis, …) must be deposited either in the GEO database or in the NCBI’s Sequence Read Archive (SRA).
新的高通量测序 （HTS） 数据集（RNA-seq、ChIP-Seq、降解组分析等）必须存放在 GEO 数据库或 NCBI 的序列读取存档 （SRA） 中。 - New microarray data must be deposited either in the GEO or the ArrayExpress databases.The "Minimal Information About a Microarray Experiment" (MIAME) guidelines published by the Microarray Gene Expression Data Society must be followed.
新的微阵列数据必须存放在GEO或ArrayExpress数据库中。必须遵循微阵列基因表达数据协会发布的“关于微阵列实验的最小信息”（MIAME）指南。 - New protein sequences obtained by protein sequencing must be submitted to UniProt (submission tool SPIN). Annotated protein structure and its reference sequence must be submitted to RCSB of Protein Data Bank.
通过蛋白质测序获得的新蛋白质序列必须提交给UniProt（提交工具SPIN）。注释的蛋白质结构及其参考序列必须提交给蛋白质数据库的RCSB。
All sequence names and the accession numbers provided by the databases must be provided in the Materials and Methods section of the article.
数据库提供的所有序列号和登录号必须在文章的“材料和方法”部分提供。
Deposition of Proteomics Data
蛋白质组学数据沉积
Methods used to generate the proteomics data should be described in detail and we encourage authors to adhere to the "Minimum Information About a Proteomics Experiment". All generated mass spectrometry raw data must be deposited in the appropriate public database such as ProteomeXchange, PRIDE or jPOST. At the time of submission, please include all relevant information in the materials and methods section, such as repository where the data was submitted and link, data set identifier, username and password needed to access the data.
应详细描述用于生成蛋白质组学数据的方法，我们鼓励作者遵守“关于蛋白质组学实验的最低限度信息”。所有生成的质谱原始数据必须存放在适当的公共数据库中，例如 ProteomeXchange、PRIDE 或 jPOST。在提交时，请在材料和方法部分包含所有相关信息，例如提交数据的存储库和链接、数据集标识符、访问数据所需的用户名和密码。
Research and Publication Ethics
研究与出版伦理
Research Ethics 研究伦理
Research Involving Human Subjects
涉及人类受试者的研究
When reporting on research that involves human subjects, human material, human tissues, or human data, authors must declare that the investigations were carried out following the rules of the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975 (https://www.wma.net/what-we-do/medical-ethics/declaration-of-helsinki/), revised in 2013. According to point 23 of this declaration, an approval from the local institutional review board (IRB) or other appropriate ethics committee must be obtained before undertaking the research to confirm the study meets national and international guidelines. As a minimum, a statement including the project identification code, date of approval, and name of the ethics committee or institutional review board must be stated in Section ‘Institutional Review Board Statement’ of the article.
在报道涉及人类受试者、人体材料、人体组织或人体数据的研究时，作者必须声明调查是按照 1975 年赫尔辛基宣言 （https://www.wma.net/what-we-do/medical-ethics/declaration-of-helsinki/） 的规则进行的，该宣言于 2013 年修订。根据本声明第 23 点，在进行研究之前，必须获得当地机构审查委员会 （IRB） 或其他适当的伦理委员会的批准，以确认该研究符合国家和国际准则。至少，必须在文章的“机构审查委员会声明”部分中说明包括项目识别代码、批准日期和伦理委员会或机构审查委员会名称的声明。
Example of an ethical statement: "All subjects gave their informed consent for inclusion before they participated in the study. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of XXX (Project identification code)."
伦理声明示例：“所有受试者在参与研究之前都给予了知情同意。该研究是根据《赫尔辛基宣言》进行的，该协议得到了XXX（项目识别代码）伦理委员会的批准。
For non-interventional studies (e.g. surveys, questionnaires, social media research), all participants must be fully informed if the anonymity is assured, why the research is being conducted, how their data will be used and if there are any risks associated. As with all research involving humans, ethical approval from an appropriate ethics committee must be obtained prior to conducting the study. If ethical approval is not required, authors must either provide an exemption from the ethics committee or are encouraged to cite the local or national legislation that indicates ethics approval is not required for this type of study. Where a study has been granted exemption, the name of the ethics committee which provided this should be stated in Section ‘Institutional Review Board Statement’ with a full explanation regarding why ethical approval was not required.
对于非干预性研究（例如调查、问卷调查、社交媒体研究），必须充分了解所有参与者是否确保匿名、为什么要进行研究、如何使用他们的数据以及是否存在任何相关风险。与所有涉及人类的研究一样，在进行研究之前必须获得适当的伦理委员会的伦理批准。如果不需要伦理批准，作者必须提供伦理委员会的豁免，或者鼓励作者引用当地或国家立法，表明此类研究不需要伦理批准。如果一项研究已获得豁免，则应在“机构审查委员会声明”部分说明提供豁免的伦理委员会的名称，并充分解释为什么不需要伦理批准。
A written informed consent for publication must be obtained from participating patients. Data relating to individual participants must be described in detail, but private information identifying participants need not be included unless the identifiable materials are of relevance to the research (for example, photographs of participants’ faces that show a particular symptom). Patients’ initials or other personal identifiers must not appear in any images. For manuscripts that include any case details, personal information, and/or images of patients, authors must obtain signed informed consent for publication from patients (or their relatives/guardians) before submitting to an MDPI journal. Patient details must be anonymized as far as possible, e.g., do not mention specific age, ethnicity, or occupation where they are not relevant to the conclusions. A template permission form is available to download. A blank version of the form used to obtain permission (without the patient names or signature) must be uploaded with your submission. Editors reserve the right to reject any submission that does not meet these requirements.
必须从参与的患者那里获得书面知情同意书才能发表。必须详细描述与个体参与者相关的数据，但无需包括识别参与者的私人信息，除非可识别的材料与研究相关（例如，显示特定症状的参与者面部照片）。患者的姓名首字母或其他个人标识符不得出现在任何图像中。对于包含任何病例详细信息、个人信息和/或患者图像的手稿，作者在提交给 MDPI 期刊之前必须获得患者（或其亲属/监护人）签署的知情同意书才能发表。患者详细信息必须尽可能匿名，例如，在与结论无关的情况下，不要提及具体的年龄、种族或职业。模板许可表可供下载。用于获得许可的表格的空白版本（没有患者姓名或签名）必须与您提交的内容一起上传。编辑保留拒绝任何不符合这些要求的投稿的权利。
You may refer to our sample form and provide an appropriate form after consulting with your affiliated institution. For the purposes of publishing in MDPI journals, a consent, permission, or release form should include unlimited permission for publication in all formats (including print, electronic, and online), in sublicensed and reprinted versions (including translations and derived works), and in other works and products under open access license. To respect patients’ and any other individual’s privacy, please do not send signed forms. The journal reserves the right to ask authors to provide signed forms if necessary.
您可以参考我们的样本表格，并在咨询您的附属机构后提供适当的表格。为了在MDPI期刊上发表文章，同意书、许可书或授权书应包括以所有格式（包括印刷版、电子版和在线版）、再许可和重印版本（包括翻译和衍生作品）以及开放获取许可下的其他作品和产品发表的无限制许可。为了尊重患者和任何其他人的隐私，请不要发送签名的表格。如有必要，期刊保留要求作者提供签名表格的权利。
If the study reports research involving vulnerable groups, an additional check may be performed. The submitted manuscript will be scrutinized by the editorial office and upon request, documentary evidence (blank consent forms and any related discussion documents from the ethics board) must be supplied. Additionally, when studies describe groups by race, ethnicity, gender, disability, disease, etc., explanation regarding why such categorization was needed must be clearly stated in the article.
如果研究报告涉及弱势群体的研究，则可以进行额外的检查。提交的稿件将由编辑部仔细审查，并根据要求提供文件证据（空白同意书和伦理委员会的任何相关讨论文件）。此外，当研究按种族、民族、性别、残疾、疾病等描述群体时，必须在文章中明确说明为什么需要这种分类。
Ethical Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Research
在研究中使用动物的伦理准则
The editors will require that the benefits potentially derived from any research causing harm to animals are significant in relation to any cost endured by animals, and that procedures followed are unlikely to cause offense to the majority of readers. Authors should particularly ensure that their research complies with the commonly-accepted '3Rs [1]':
编辑将要求，任何对动物造成伤害的研究可能带来的好处与动物所承受的任何成本相比是显着的，并且所遵循的程序不太可能引起大多数读者的冒犯。作者应特别确保他们的研究符合公认的“3R[1]”：
- Replacement of animals by alternatives wherever possible,
尽可能用替代品代替动物， - Reduction in number of animals used, and
减少使用的动物数量，以及 - Refinement of experimental conditions and procedures to minimize the harm to animals.
改进实验条件和程序，以尽量减少对动物的伤害。
Authors must include details on housing, husbandry and pain management in their manuscript.
作者必须在稿件中包括有关住房、饲养和疼痛管理的详细信息。
For further guidance authors should refer to the Code of Practice for the Housing and Care of Animals Used in Scientific Procedures [2], American Association for Laboratory Animal Science [3] or European Animal Research Association [4].
如需进一步的指导，作者应参考《科学程序中使用的动物饲养和护理操作规范》[2]、美国实验动物科学协会[3]或欧洲动物研究协会[4]。
If national legislation requires it, studies involving vertebrates or higher invertebrates must only be carried out after obtaining approval from the appropriate ethics committee. As a minimum, the project identification code, date of approval and name of the ethics committee or institutional review board should be stated in Section ‘Institutional Review Board Statement’. Research procedures must be carried out in accordance with national and institutional regulations. Statements on animal welfare should confirm that the study complied with all relevant legislation. Clinical studies involving animals and interventions outside of routine care require ethics committee oversight as per the American Veterinary Medical Association. If the study involved client-owned animals, informed client consent must be obtained and certified in the manuscript report of the research. Owners must be fully informed if there are any risks associated with the procedures and that the research will be published. If available, a high standard of veterinary care must be provided. Authors are responsible for correctness of the statements provided in the manuscript.
如果国家立法要求，涉及脊椎动物或高等无脊椎动物的研究只有在获得适当的伦理委员会批准后才能进行。至少，项目识别代码、批准日期和伦理委员会或机构审查委员会的名称应在“机构审查委员会声明”部分说明。研究程序必须按照国家和机构的规定进行。关于动物福利的声明应确认该研究符合所有相关立法。根据美国兽医协会的说法，涉及动物和常规护理之外的干预措施的临床研究需要伦理委员会的监督。如果研究涉及客户拥有的动物，则必须在研究的手稿报告中获得客户的知情同意并加以认证。如果存在与程序相关的任何风险，必须充分告知所有者，并且该研究将被发表。如果有的话，必须提供高标准的兽医护理。作者对稿件中提供的陈述的正确性负责。
If ethical approval is not required by national laws, authors must provide an exemption from the ethics committee, if one is available. Where a study has been granted exemption, the name of the ethics committee that provided this should be stated in Section ‘Institutional Review Board Statement’ with a full explanation on why the ethical approval was not required.
如果国家法律不要求伦理批准，作者必须提供伦理委员会的豁免（如果有的话）。如果一项研究已获得豁免，则应在“机构审查委员会声明”部分说明提供豁免的伦理委员会的名称，并充分解释为什么不需要伦理批准。
If no animal ethics committee is available to review applications, authors should be aware that the ethics of their research will be evaluated by reviewers and editors. Authors should provide a statement justifying the work from an ethical perspective, using the same utilitarian framework that is used by ethics committees. Authors may be asked to provide this even if they have received ethical approval.
如果没有动物伦理委员会来审查申请，作者应该知道，他们的研究的伦理将由审稿人和编辑进行评估。作者应提供一份声明，从伦理角度证明工作的合理性，使用伦理委员会使用的相同功利主义框架。即使作者已获得伦理批准，也可能会被要求提供此信息。
MDPI endorses the ARRIVE guidelines (arriveguidelines.org/) for reporting experiments using live animals. Authors and reviewers must use the ARRIVE guidelines as a checklist, which can be found at https://arriveguidelines.org/sites/arrive/files/documents/ARRIVE%20Compliance%20Questionnaire.pdf. Editors reserve the right to ask for the checklist and to reject submissions that do not adhere to these guidelines, to reject submissions based on ethical or animal welfare concerns or if the procedure described does not appear to be justified by the value of the work presented.
MDPI认可ARRIVE指南（arriveguidelines.org/），用于报告使用活体动物的实验。作者和审稿人必须使用ARRIVE指南作为清单，可在 https://arriveguidelines.org/sites/arrive/files/documents/ARRIVE%20Compliance%20Questionnaire.pdf 找到。编辑保留要求提供清单的权利，并拒绝不符合这些准则的提交，拒绝基于道德或动物福利问题的提交，或者如果所描述的程序似乎与所呈现作品的价值不符。
- NSW Department of Primary Industries and Animal Research Review Panel. Three Rs. Available online: Replacement, Reduction and Refinement (3 Rs) | Department of Primary Industries
新南威尔士州初级产业和动物研究部审查小组。三卢比。 在线提供： https://www.animalethics.org.au/three-rs - Home Office. Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. Code of Practice for the Housing and Care of Animals Bred, Supplied or Used for Scientific Purposes. Available online: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/388535/CoPanimalsWeb.pdf
家庭办公室。1986年《动物（科学程序）法》。饲养、供应或用于科学目的的动物的饲养和护理行为守则。在线可用： https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/388535/CoPanimalsWeb.pdf - American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. The Scientific Basis for Regulation of Animal Care and Use. Available online: for Regulation of Animal Care and Use
美国实验动物科学协会。规范动物护理和使用的科学依据。在线可用： https://www.aalas.org/about-aalas/position-papers/scientific-basis-for-regulation-of-animal-care-and-use - European Animal Research Association. EU regulations on animal research. Available online: EU regulations on animal research | EARA
欧洲动物研究协会。欧盟动物研究法规。在线可用： https://www.eara.eu/animal-research-law
Research Involving Cell Lines
涉及细胞系的研究
Methods sections for submissions reporting on research with cell lines should state the origin of any cell lines. For established cell lines the provenance should be stated and references must also be given to either a published paper or to a commercial source. If previously unpublished de novo cell lines were used, including those gifted from another laboratory, details of institutional review board or ethics committee approval must be given, and confirmation of written informed consent must be provided if the line is of human origin.
报告细胞系研究的投稿方法部分应说明任何细胞系的来源。对于已建立的细胞系，应说明出处，并且还必须注明已发表的论文或商业来源。如果使用了以前未发表的从头细胞系，包括来自其他实验室的细胞系，则必须提供机构审查委员会或伦理委员会批准的详细信息，如果该细胞系是人类来源的，则必须提供书面知情同意书的确认。
An example of Ethical Statements:
道德声明的一个例子：
The HCT116 cell line was obtained from XXXX. The MLH1+ cell line was provided by XXXXX, Ltd. The DLD-1 cell line was obtained from Dr. XXXX. The DR-GFP and SA-GFP reporter plasmids were obtained from Dr. XXX and the Rad51K133A expression vector was obtained from Dr. XXXX.
HCT116细胞系取自XXXX。MLH1 + 细胞系由XXXXX， Ltd.提供。DLD-1 细胞系是从 XXXX 博士处获得的。DR-GFP 和 SA-GFP 报告质粒来自 XXX 博士，Rad51K133A 表达载体来自 XXXX 博士。
Research Involving Plants
涉及植物的研究
Experimental research on plants (either cultivated or wild) including collection of plant material, must comply with institutional, national, or international guidelines. We recommend that authors comply with the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
对植物（栽培或野生）的实验研究，包括植物材料的收集，必须符合机构、国家或国际准则。我们建议作者遵守《生物多样性公约》和《濒危野生动植物种贸易公约》。
For each submitted manuscript supporting genetic information and origin must be provided. For research manuscripts involving rare and non-model plants (other than, e.g., Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana benthamiana, Oryza sativa, or many other typical model plants), voucher specimens must be deposited in an accessible herbarium or museum. Vouchers may be requested for review by future investigators to verify the identity of the material used in the study (especially if taxonomic rearrangements occur in the future). They should include details of the populations sampled on the site of collection (GPS coordinates), date of collection, and document the part(s) used in the study where appropriate. For rare, threatened or endangered species this can be waived but it is necessary for the author to describe this in the cover letter.
对于每份提交的手稿，必须提供支持遗传信息和来源。对于涉及稀有和非模式植物（例如拟南芥、本氏烟草、水稻或许多其他典型模式植物除外）的研究手稿，凭证标本必须存放在无障碍植物标本室或博物馆中。未来的研究人员可能会要求提供凭证以供审查，以验证研究中使用的材料的身份（特别是如果将来发生分类重新排列）。它们应包括在收集地点抽样的人群的详细信息（GPS 坐标）、收集日期，并在适当的情况下记录研究中使用的部分。对于稀有、受威胁或濒危物种，可以免除这一点，但作者有必要在求职信中对此进行描述。
Editors reserve the rights to reject any submission that does not meet these requirements.
编辑保留拒绝任何不符合这些要求的投稿的权利。
An example of Ethical Statements:
道德声明的一个例子：
Torenia fournieri plants were used in this study. White-flowered Crown White (CrW) and violet-flowered Crown Violet (CrV) cultivars selected from ‘Crown Mix’ (XXX Company, City, Country) were kindly provided by Dr. XXX (XXX Institute, City, Country).
本研究使用了Torenia fournieri植物。从“Crown Mix”（XXX 公司，城市，国家）中选择的白花皇冠白 （CrW） 和紫花皇冠紫 （CrV） 品种由 XXX 博士（XXX 研究所，城市，国家）友情提供。
Arabidopis mutant lines (SALKxxxx, SAILxxxx,…) were kindly provided by Dr. XXX, institute, city, country).
拟南芥突变系（SALKxxxx，SAILxxxx,...）由XXX博士，研究所，城市，国家）友情提供）。
Clinical Trials Registration
临床试验注册
Registration 注册
MDPI follows the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) guidelines which require and recommend registration of clinical trials in a public trials registry at or before the time of first patient enrollment as a condition of consideration for publication.
MDPI 遵循国际医学期刊编辑委员会 （ICMJE） 指南，该指南要求并建议在首次患者入组时或之前在公共试验注册处注册临床试验，作为考虑发表的条件。
Purely observational studies do not require registration. A clinical trial not only refers to studies that take place in a hospital or involve pharmaceuticals, but also refer to all studies which involve participant randomization and group classification in the context of the intervention under assessment.
纯粹的观察性研究不需要注册。临床试验不仅指在医院进行或涉及药物的研究，还指在评估的干预措施的背景下涉及受试者随机化和组分类的所有研究。
Authors are strongly encouraged to pre-register clinical trials with an international clinical trials register and cite a reference to the registration in the Methods section. Suitable databases include clinicaltrials.gov, the EU Clinical Trials Register and those listed by the World Health Organisation International Clinical Trials Registry Platform.
强烈建议作者在国际临床试验注册库中预先注册临床试验，并在方法部分引用注册的参考文献。合适的数据库包括 clinicaltrials.gov、欧盟临床试验注册库和世界卫生组织国际临床试验注册平台列出的数据库。
Approval to conduct a study from an independent local, regional, or national review body is not equivalent to prospective clinical trial registration. MDPI reserves the right to decline any paper without trial registration for further peer review. However, if the study protocol has been published before the enrolment, the registration can be waived with correct citation of the published protocol.
由独立的地方、区域或国家审查机构批准进行研究并不等同于前瞻性临床试验注册。MDPI保留拒绝任何未经试验注册的论文以进行进一步同行评审的权利。但是，如果研究方案在入组前已公布，则可以通过正确引用已发表的方案来放弃注册。
CONSORT Statement CONSORT声明
MDPI requires a completed CONSORT 2010 checklist and flow diagram as a condition of submission when reporting the results of a randomized trial. Templates for these can be found here or on the CONSORT website (http://www.consort-statement.org) which also describes several CONSORT checklist extensions for different designs and types of data beyond two group parallel trials. At minimum, your article should report the content addressed by each item of the checklist.
MDPI 要求在报告随机试验结果时提供完整的 CONSORT 2010 清单和流程图作为提交条件。这些模板可以在这里或CONSORT网站（http://www.consort-statement.org）上找到，该网站还描述了几个CONSORT清单扩展，用于两个组平行试验之外的不同设计和数据类型。至少，您的文章应报告清单中每个项目所涉及的内容。
Dual Use Research of Concern
关注的两用研究
MDPI follows the practical framework defined in Guidance for Editors: Research, Audit and Service Evaluations and introduced by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Research that could pose a significant threat, with broad potential consequences to public health or national security, should be clearly indicated in the manuscript, and potential dual-use research of concern should be explained in the cover letter upon submission. Potential areas of concern include but are not limited to biosecurity, nuclear and chemical threats, and research with a military purpose or application, etc. For these manuscripts to be considered for peer review, the benefits to the general public or public health must outweigh the risks. The authors have a responsibility to comply with relevant national and international laws.
MDPI遵循《编辑指南：研究、审计和服务评估》中定义的实用框架，并由出版伦理委员会（COPE）介绍。应在稿件中明确指出可能构成重大威胁、对公共卫生或国家安全产生广泛潜在影响的研究，并在提交时在求职信中解释潜在的两用研究。潜在的关注领域包括但不限于生物安全、核和化学威胁以及具有军事目的或应用的研究等。对于这些手稿进行同行评审，对公众或公共卫生的好处必须大于风险。作者有责任遵守相关的国家和国际法律。
Sex and Gender in Research
研究中的性别与性别
We encourage our authors to follow the ‘Sex and Gender Equity in Research – SAGER – guidelines’ and to include sex and gender considerations where relevant. Authors should use the terms sex (biological attribute) and gender (shaped by social and cultural circumstances) carefully in order to avoid confusing both terms. Article titles and/or abstracts should indicate clearly what sex(es) the study applies to. Authors should also describe in the background, whether sex and/or gender differences may be expected; report how sex and/or gender were accounted for in the design of the study; provide disaggregated data by sex and/or gender, where appropriate; and discuss respective results. If a sex and/or gender analysis was not conducted, the rationale should be given in the Discussion. We suggest that our authors consult the full guidelines before submission.
我们鼓励我们的作者遵循“研究中的性别和性别平等 - SAGER - 指南”，并在相关的情况下包括性别和性别考虑因素。作者应谨慎使用术语“性别”（生物属性）和“性别”（由社会和文化环境决定），以避免混淆这两个术语。文章标题和/或摘要应清楚地表明该研究适用于哪些性别。作者还应在背景中描述性别和/或性别差异是否可能;报告在研究设计中如何考虑性别和/或性别;酌情提供按性别和/或性别分列的分类数据;并讨论各自的结果。如果没有进行性别和/或性别分析，则应在讨论中说明理由。我们建议我们的作者在投稿前查阅完整的指南。
Borders and Territories 边界和领土
Potential disputes over borders and territories may have particular relevance for authors in describing their research or in an author or editor correspondence address, and should be respected. Content decisions are an editorial matter and where there is a potential or perceived dispute or complaint, the editorial team will attempt to find a resolution that satisfies parties involved.
关于边界和领土的潜在争议可能与作者描述其研究或作者或编辑的通信地址特别相关，应予以尊重。内容决定是编辑事务，如果存在潜在或感知到的争议或投诉，编辑团队将尝试找到让相关各方满意的解决方案。
MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
MDPI对已公布地图和机构隶属关系中的管辖权主张保持中立。
Publication Ethics Statement
出版伦理声明
Sustainability is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). We fully adhere to its Code of Conduct and to its Best Practice Guidelines.
Sustainability是出版伦理委员会（COPE）的成员。我们完全遵守其行为准则和最佳实践指南。
The editors of this journal enforce a rigorous peer review process together with strict ethical policies and standards to ensure to add high quality scientific works to the field of scholarly publication. Unfortunately, cases of plagiarism, data falsification, image manipulation, inappropriate authorship credit, and the like, do arise. The editors of Sustainability take such publishing ethics issues very seriously and are trained to proceed in such cases with a zero tolerance policy.
该期刊的编辑执行严格的同行评审程序以及严格的道德政策和标准，以确保为学术出版领域增加高质量的科学作品。不幸的是，确实出现了剽窃、数据伪造、图像操纵、不适当的作者信用等情况。《可持续发展》杂志的编辑们非常重视此类出版道德问题，并接受过培训，以零容忍政策处理此类问题。
Authors wishing to publish their papers in Sustainability must abide to the following:
希望在可持续发展上发表论文的作者必须遵守以下规定：
Our in-house editors will investigate any allegations of publication misconduct and may contact the authors' institutions or funders if necessary. If evidence of misconduct is found, appropriate action will be taken to correct or retract the publication. Authors are expected to comply with the best ethical publication practices when publishing with MDPI.
我们的内部编辑将调查任何关于出版不端行为的指控，并在必要时联系作者的机构或资助者。如果发现不当行为的证据，将采取适当措施纠正或撤回出版物。作者在使用 MDPI 发表文章时应遵守最佳的道德出版实践。
- Any facts that might be perceived as a possible conflict of interest of the author(s) must be disclosed in the paper prior to submission.
任何可能被视为作者可能存在利益冲突的事实都必须在提交前在论文中披露。 - Authors should accurately present their research findings and include an objective discussion of the significance of their findings.
作者应准确介绍他们的研究结果，并客观地讨论其研究结果的重要性。 - Data and methods used in the research need to be presented in sufficient detail in the paper, so that other researchers can replicate the work.
研究中使用的数据和方法需要在论文中足够详细地呈现，以便其他研究人员可以复制这项工作。 - Raw data should preferably be publicly deposited by the authors before submission of their manuscript. Authors need to at least have the raw data readily available for presentation to the referees and the editors of the journal, if requested. Authors need to ensure appropriate measures are taken so that raw data is retained in full for a reasonable time after publication.
原始数据最好在提交稿件之前由作者公开存放。如果需要，作者至少需要准备好原始数据，以便向期刊的审稿人和编辑展示。作者需要确保采取适当的措施，以便在出版后的合理时间内完整保留原始数据。 - Simultaneous submission of manuscripts to more than one journal is not tolerated.
不允许同时向多个期刊投稿。 - The journal accepts exact translations of previously published work. All submissions of translations must conform with our policies on translations.
该杂志接受以前发表的作品的精确翻译。所有提交的翻译必须符合我们的翻译政策。 - If errors and inaccuracies are found by the authors after publication of their paper, they need to be promptly communicated to the editors of this journal so that appropriate actions can be taken. Please refer to our policy regarding Updating Published Papers.
如果作者在论文发表后发现错误和不准确之处，需要及时通知本刊的编辑，以便采取适当的措施。请参阅我们关于更新已发表论文的政策。 - Your manuscript should not contain any information that has already been published. If you include already published figures or images, please obtain the necessary permission from the copyright holder to publish under the CC-BY license. For further information, see the Rights and Permissions page.
您的稿件不应包含任何已经发表的信息。如果您包含已经发布的图形或图像，请获得版权所有者的必要许可，以便在 CC-BY 许可下发布。有关详细信息，请参阅“权限”页。 - Plagiarism, data fabrication and image manipulation are not tolerated.
剽窃、数据捏造和图像处理是不能容忍的。- Plagiarism is not acceptable in Sustainability submissions.
在可持续发展提交中，抄袭是不可接受的。Plagiarism includes copying text, ideas, images, or data from another source, even from your own publications, without giving any credit to the original source.
剽窃包括从其他来源复制文本、想法、图像或数据，甚至是从您自己的出版物中复制，而不注明原始来源。Reuse of text that is copied from another source must be between quotes and the original source must be cited. If a study's design or the manuscript's structure or language has been inspired by previous works, these works must be explicitly cited.
重复使用从其他来源复制的文本必须在引号之间，并且必须引用原始来源。如果研究的设计或手稿的结构或语言受到以前作品的启发，则必须明确引用这些作品。All MDPI submissions are checked for plagiarism using the industry standard software iThenticate. If plagiarism is detected during the peer review process, the manuscript may be rejected. If plagiarism is detected after publication, an investigation will take place and action taken in accordance with our policies.
所有 MDPI 提交都使用行业标准软件 iThenticate 检查是否存在抄袭。如果在同行评审过程中发现抄袭，稿件可能会被拒绝。如果在发布后发现抄袭，将进行调查并根据我们的政策采取行动。 - Image files must not be manipulated or adjusted in any way that could lead to misinterpretation of the information provided by the original image.
不得以任何可能导致误解原始图像提供的信息的方式操纵或调整图像文件。Irregular manipulation includes: 1) introduction, enhancement, moving, or removing features from the original image; 2) grouping of images that should obviously be presented separately (e.g., from different parts of the same gel, or from different gels); or 3) modifying the contrast, brightness or color balance to obscure, eliminate or enhance some information.
不规则处理包括：1） 从原始图像中引入、增强、移动或删除特征;2）显然应该单独呈现的图像分组（例如，来自同一凝胶的不同部分，或来自不同的凝胶）;或 3） 修改对比度、亮度或色彩平衡以模糊、消除或增强某些信息。If irregular image manipulation is identified and confirmed during the peer review process, we may reject the manuscript. If irregular image manipulation is identified and confirmed after publication, we may correct or retract the paper.
如果在同行评审过程中发现并确认了不规则的图像处理，我们可能会拒绝稿件。如果在发表后发现并确认了不规则的图像处理，我们可能会更正或撤回论文。
- Plagiarism is not acceptable in Sustainability submissions.
Citation Policy 引文政策
Authors should ensure that where material is taken from other sources (including their own published writing) the source is clearly cited and that where appropriate permission is obtained.
作者应确保从其他来源（包括他们自己发表的著作）获取材料时，明确引用来源，并在适当的情况下获得许可。
Authors should not engage in excessive self-citation of their own work.
作者不应过度引用自己的作品。
Authors should not copy references from other publications if they have not read the cited work.
如果作者没有阅读过引用的作品，则不应复制其他出版物的参考文献。
Authors should not preferentially cite their own or their friends’, peers’, or institution’s publications.
作者不应优先引用自己或朋友、同行或机构的出版物。
Authors should not cite advertisements or advertorial material.
作者不应引用广告或软文材料。
In accordance with COPE guidelines, we expect that “original wording taken directly from publications by other researchers should appear in quotation marks with the appropriate citations.” This condition also applies to an author’s own work. COPE have produced a discussion document on citation manipulation with recommendations for best practice.
根据COPE指南，我们希望“直接从其他研究人员的出版物中获取的原始措辞应出现在引号中，并带有适当的引用。此条件也适用于作者自己的作品。COPE制作了一份关于引文操纵的讨论文件，并提出了最佳实践建议。
Reviewer Suggestions 审稿人建议
During the submission process, please suggest three potential reviewers with the appropriate expertise to review the manuscript. The editors will not necessarily approach these referees. Please provide detailed contact information (address, homepage, phone, e-mail address). The proposed referees should neither be current collaborators of the co-authors nor have published with any of the co-authors of the manuscript within the last three years. Proposed reviewers should be from different institutions to the authors. You may identify appropriate Editorial Board members of the journal as potential reviewers. You may suggest reviewers from among the authors that you frequently cite in your paper. For detailed information regarding the qualifications and responsibilities of the reviewers, please visit MDPI | Guidelines for Reviewers.
在投稿过程中，请推荐三位具有适当专业知识的潜在审稿人来审稿。编辑不一定会接近这些裁判。请提供详细的联系信息（地址、主页、电话、电子邮件地址）。拟议的审稿人既不应是合著者的当前合作者，也不应在过去三年内与任何合著者一起发表过文章。建议的审稿人应来自与作者不同的机构。您可以确定期刊的适当编委会成员作为潜在的审稿人。你可以从你经常在论文中引用的作者中推荐审稿人。有关审稿人的资格和职责的详细信息，请访问 https://www.mdpi.com/reviewers。
Extensive English Editing
广泛的英语编辑
It is the authors’ responsibility to submit their work in correct English. The APC includes only minor English editing, conducted by native English speakers. The APC does not include extensive English editing. If extensive editing is required, your paper could be returned to you at the English editing stage of the publication process. This could delay the publication of your work. You may have your work reviewed by an experienced English-speaking colleague or use a paid language-editing service before submitting your paper for publication. We offer rapid English editing, completed in 1 day, here: Author Services.
作者有责任以正确的英语提交他们的作品。APC 仅包括由以英语为母语的人进行的少量英语编辑。APC 不包括大量的英语编辑。如果需要大量编辑，您的论文可能会在出版过程的英文编辑阶段退还给您。这可能会延迟您的作品的出版。在提交论文发表之前，您可以让经验丰富的英语同事审阅您的工作或使用付费语言编辑服务。我们提供快速的英文编辑，在1天内完成，这里是：作者服务。
Preprints and Conference Papers
预印本和会议论文
Sustainability accepts submissions that have previously been made available as preprints provided that they have not undergone peer review. A preprint is a draft version of a paper made available online before submission to a journal.
可持续发展接受以前作为预印本提供的提交，前提是它们没有经过同行评审。预印本是论文的草稿，在提交给期刊之前在线提供。
MDPI operates Preprints, a preprint server to which submitted papers can be uploaded directly after completing journal submission. Note that Preprints operates independently of the journal and posting a preprint does not affect the peer review process. Check the Preprints instructions for authors for further information.
MDPI运营着Preprints，这是一个预印本服务器，在完成期刊提交后，可以直接上传提交的论文。请注意，预印本独立于期刊运作，发布预印本不会影响同行评审过程。有关更多信息，请查看作者预印本说明。
Expanded and high-quality conference papers can be considered as articles if they fulfill the following requirements: (1) the paper should be expanded to the size of a research article; (2) the conference paper should be cited and noted on the first page of the paper; (3) if the authors do not hold the copyright of the published conference paper, authors should seek the appropriate permission from the copyright holder; (4) authors are asked to disclose that it is conference paper in their cover letter and include a statement on what has been changed compared to the original conference paper. Sustainability does not publish pilot studies or studies with inadequate statistical power.
扩展和高质量的会议论文如果满足以下要求，可以被视为文章：（1）论文应扩展到研究文章的大小;（2）会议论文应在论文的第一页引用并注明;（3）如果作者不拥有已发表的会议论文的著作权，作者应寻求著作权人的适当许可;（4）要求作者在求职信中披露这是会议论文，并包括与原始会议论文相比的变化的声明。可持续性不发表试点研究或统计能力不足的研究。
Unpublished conference papers that do not meet the above conditions are recommended to be submitted to the Proceedings Series journals.
不符合上述条件的未发表的会议论文，建议投稿至Proceedings Series期刊。
Authorship 作者
MDPI follows the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) guidelines which state that, in order to qualify for authorship of a manuscript, the following criteria should be observed:
MDPI遵循国际医学期刊编辑委员会（ICMJE）的指导方针，该指导方针指出，为了有资格成为手稿的作者，应遵守以下标准：
- Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND
对作品的构思或设计有重大贡献;或获取、分析或解释工作数据;和 - Drafting the work or reviewing it critically for important intellectual content; AND
起草作品或批判性地审查重要的知识内容;和 - Final approval of the version to be published; AND
最终批准要发布的版本;和 - Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
同意对工作的所有方面负责，以确保与工作任何部分的准确性或完整性有关的问题得到适当调查和解决。
Those who contributed to the work but do not qualify for authorship should be listed in the acknowledgments. More detailed guidance on authorship is given by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE).
那些对工作有贡献但不符合作者资格的人应该在致谢中列出。国际医学期刊编辑委员会 （ICMJE） 提供了关于作者身份的更详细指导。
Any change to the author list should be approved by all authors including any who have been removed from the list. The corresponding author should act as a point of contact between the editor and the other authors and should keep co-authors informed and involve them in major decisions about the publication. We reserve the right to request confirmation that all authors meet the authorship conditions.
对作者列表的任何更改都应得到所有作者的批准，包括任何已从列表中删除的作者。通讯作者应充当编辑与其他作者之间的联络点，并应让合著者了解情况，并让他们参与有关出版的重大决策。我们保留要求确认所有作者符合作者条件的权利。
For more details about authorship please check MDPI ethics website.
有关作者身份的更多详细信息，请查看 MDPI 道德网站。
Editorial Independence 编辑独立性
Lack of Interference with Editorial Decisions
不干涉编辑决策
Editorial independence is of utmost importance and MDPI does not interfere with editorial decisions. All articles published by MDPI are peer reviewed and assessed by our independent editorial boards, and MDPI staff are not involved in decisions to accept manuscripts. When making an editorial decision, we expect the academic editor to make their decision based only upon:
编辑独立性至关重要，MDPI不会干涉编辑决策。MDPI发表的所有文章都经过我们的独立编辑委员会的同行评审和评估，MDPI工作人员不参与接受稿件的决定。在做出编辑决定时，我们希望学术编辑仅根据以下因素做出决定：
- The suitability of selected reviewers;
选定审稿人的适用性; - Adequacy of reviewer comments and author response;
审稿人意见和作者回复的充分性; - Overall scientific quality of the paper.
论文的整体科学质量。
In all of our journals, in every aspect of operation, MDPI policies are informed by the mission to make science and research findings open and accessible as widely and rapidly as possible.
在我们所有的期刊中，在运营的各个方面，MDPI政策都以尽可能广泛和快速地开放和获取科学和研究成果的使命为依据。
Editors and Editorial Staff as Authors
作为作者的编辑和编辑人员
Editorial staff or editors shall not be involved in processing their own academic work. Submissions authored by editorial staff/editors will be assigned to at least two independent outside reviewers. Decisions will be made by other Editorial Board Members who do not have a conflict of interest with the author. Journal staff are not involved in the processing of their own work submitted to any MDPI journals.
编辑人员或编辑不得参与处理自己的学术工作。由编辑人员/编辑撰写的投稿将被分配给至少两名独立的外部审稿人。决定将由与作者没有利益冲突的其他编辑委员会成员做出。期刊工作人员不参与处理他们自己提交给任何MDPI期刊的工作。
Conflicts of Interest 利益冲突
According to The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, “Authors should avoid entering into agreements with study sponsors, both for-profit and non-profit, that interfere with authors’ access to all of the study’s data or that interfere with their ability to analyze and interpret the data and to prepare and publish manuscripts independently when and where they choose.”
根据国际医学期刊编辑委员会的说法，“作者应避免与营利性和非营利性研究赞助商签订协议，这些协议会干扰作者访问所有研究数据，或干扰他们分析和解释数据的能力，以及在他们选择的时间和地点独立准备和发表手稿的能力。
All authors must disclose all relationships or interests that could inappropriately influence or bias their work. Examples of potential conflicts of interest include but are not limited to financial interests (such as membership, employment, consultancies, stocks/shares ownership, honoraria, grants or other funding, paid expert testimonies and patent-licensing arrangements) and non-financial interests (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, personal beliefs).
所有作者必须披露所有可能不恰当地影响或偏见其作品的关系或利益。潜在利益冲突的例子包括但不限于经济利益（如会员资格、就业、咨询、股票/股份所有权、酬金、赠款或其他资金、有偿专家证词和专利许可安排）和非经济利益（如个人或专业关系、从属关系、个人信仰）。
Authors can disclose potential conflicts of interest via the online submission system during the submission process. Declarations regarding conflicts of interest can also be collected via the MDPI disclosure form. The corresponding author must include a summary statement in the manuscript in a separate section “Conflicts of Interest” placed just before the reference list. The statement should reflect all the collected potential conflicts of interest disclosures in the form.
作者可以在投稿过程中通过在线投稿系统披露潜在的利益冲突。有关利益冲突的声明也可以通过MDPI披露表收集。通讯作者必须在稿件的参考文献列表前的“利益冲突”部分中包括摘要声明。该声明应以表格形式反映所有收集到的潜在利益冲突披露。
See below for examples of disclosures:
披露示例见下文：
Conflicts of Interest: Author A has received research grants from Company A. Author B has received a speaker honorarium from Company X and owns stocks in Company Y. Author C has been involved as a consultant and expert witness in Company Z. Author D is the inventor of patent X.
利益冲突：作者 A 获得了 A 公司的研究资助，作者 B 获得了 X 公司的演讲酬金，并拥有 Y 公司的股票。 作者 C 作为顾问和专家证人参与了 Z 公司的工作。 作者 D 是专利 X 的发明人。
If no conflicts exist, the authors should state:
如果不存在冲突，作者应说明：
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
利益冲突：作者声明没有利益冲突。
Editorial Procedures and Peer Review
编辑程序和同行评审
Immediately after submission, the journal’s Managing Editor will perform the technical pre-check to assess:
投稿后，期刊的执行编辑将立即进行技术预检查，以评估：
- Overall suitability of the manuscript to the journal/section/Special Issue;
稿件对期刊/栏目/特刊的整体适用性; - Manuscript adherence to high-quality research and ethical standards;
稿件遵守高质量的研究和道德标准; - Standards of rigor to qualify for further review.
符合进一步审查条件的严格标准。
The academic editor (i.e., the Editor-in-Chief in the case of regular submissions, the Guest Editor in the case of Special Issue submissions, or an Editorial Board member in the case of a conflict of interest and of regular submissions if the Editor-in-Chief allows) will be notified of the submission and invited to perform an editorial pre-check. During the editorial pre-check phase, the academic editor will assess the suitability of the submission with respect to the scope of the journal, as well as the overall scientific soundness of the manuscript, including the relevance of the references and the correctness of the applied methodology. Academic editors can decide to reject the manuscript, request revisions before peer review, or continue with the peer review process and recommend suitable reviewers.
学术编辑（即定期投稿的主编，特刊投稿的客座编辑，或利益冲突和定期投稿的编辑委员会成员（如果主编允许）将收到投稿通知，并邀请他们进行编辑预检查。在编辑预检查阶段，学术编辑将评估投稿是否适合期刊的范围，以及稿件的整体科学合理性，包括参考文献的相关性和应用方法的正确性。学术编辑可以决定拒绝稿件，在同行评审之前要求修改，或者继续同行评审过程并推荐合适的审稿人。
Once a manuscript passes the initial checks, it will be assigned to at least two independent experts for peer review. A single-blind review is applied, where authors' identities are known to reviewers. Peer review comments are confidential and will only be disclosed with the express agreement of the reviewer.
一旦稿件通过初步检查，它将被分配给至少两名独立专家进行同行评审。采用单盲审稿，审稿人知道作者的身份。同行评议意见是保密的，只有在审稿人明确同意的情况下才会披露。
In the case of regular submissions, in-house assistant editors will invite experts, including recommendations by an academic editor. These experts may also include Editorial Board Members and Guest Editors of the journal. Potential reviewers suggested by the authors may also be considered. Reviewers should not have published with any of the co-authors during the past three years and should not currently work or collaborate with any of the institutions of the co-authors of the submitted manuscript. For more details about potential conflicts of interest, please check here, MDPI | Guidelines for Reviewers.
在定期投稿的情况下，内部助理编辑将邀请专家，包括学术编辑的推荐。这些专家还可能包括期刊的编辑委员会成员和客座编辑。作者推荐的潜在评价者也可以考虑。审稿人在过去三年中不应与任何合著者一起发表文章，目前不应与所提交稿件的合著者的任何机构合作或合作。有关潜在利益冲突的更多详细信息，请查看此处，https://www.mdpi.com/reviewers#_bookmark9。
Optional Open Peer Review
可选的开放同行评审
The journal operates optional open peer review: Authors are given the option for all review reports and editorial decisions to be published alongside their manuscript. In addition, reviewers can sign their review, i.e., identify themselves in the published review reports. Authors can alter their choice for open peer review at any time before publication, but once the paper has been published changes will only be made at the discretion of the Publisher and Editor-in-Chief. We encourage authors to take advantage of this opportunity as proof of the rigorous process employed in publishing their research. To guarantee impartial refereeing, the names of referees will be revealed only if the referees agree to do so, and after a paper has been accepted for publication.
该期刊实行可选的开放同行评审：作者可以选择将所有审稿报告和编辑决定与稿件一起发表。此外，审稿人可以在他们的审稿上签名，即在已发表的审稿报告中表明自己的身份。作者可以在发表前随时更改他们对公开同行评审的选择，但一旦论文发表，更改只能由出版商和主编自行决定。我们鼓励作者利用这个机会来证明他们在发表研究时所采用的严格过程。为保证裁判员的公正性，只有在裁判员同意的情况下，并且在论文被接受发表后，才会公布裁判员的姓名。
Editorial Decision and Revision
编辑决定和修改
All the articles, reviews and communications published in MDPI journals go through the peer review process and receive at least two reviews. The in-house editor will communicate the decision of the academic editor, which will be one of the following:
在MDPI期刊上发表的所有文章、评论和通讯都经过同行评审过程，并至少收到两篇评论。内部编辑将传达学术编辑的决定，这将是以下之一：
- Accept after Minor Revisions:
小修改后接受：
The paper is in principle accepted after revision based on the reviewer’s comments. Authors are given five days for minor revisions.
根据审稿人的意见进行修改后，论文原则上被接受。作者有五天的时间进行小幅修改。 - Reconsider after Major Revisions:
重大修订后重新考虑：
The acceptance of the manuscript would depend on the revisions. The author needs to provide a point by point response or provide a rebuttal if some of the reviewer’s comments cannot be revised. A maximum of two rounds of major revision per manuscript is normally provided. Authors will be asked to resubmit the revised paper within a suitable time frame, and the revised version will be returned to the reviewer for further comments. If the required revision time is estimated to be longer than 2 months, we will recommend that authors withdraw their manuscript before resubmitting so as to avoid unnecessary time pressure and to ensure that all manuscripts are sufficiently revised.
稿件的接受程度将取决于修订情况。如果审稿人的某些评论无法修改，作者需要提供逐点回复或提供反驳。通常每篇稿件最多提供两轮主要修改。作者将被要求在适当的时间范围内重新提交修改后的论文，修改后的版本将返回给审稿人以进一步评论。如果预计所需的修改时间超过2个月，我们将建议作者在重新投稿前撤回稿件，以避免不必要的时间压力，并确保所有稿件都得到充分修改。 - Reject and Encourage Resubmission:
拒绝并鼓励重新提交：
If additional experiments are needed to support the conclusions, the manuscript will be rejected and the authors will be encouraged to re-submit the paper once further experiments have been conducted.
如果需要额外的实验来支持结论，稿件将被拒绝，并鼓励作者在进行进一步实验后重新提交论文。 - Reject: 拒绝：
The article has serious flaws, and/or makes no original significant contribution. No offer of resubmission to the journal is provided.
该文章存在严重缺陷，和/或没有做出原创性重大贡献。不提供向期刊重新投稿的提议。
All reviewer comments should be responded to in a point-by-point fashion. Where the authors disagree with a reviewer, they must provide a clear response.
所有审稿人的意见都应以逐点的方式得到回应。如果作者不同意审稿人的意见，他们必须提供明确的答复。
Authors may appeal a rejection by sending an e-mail to the Editorial Office of the journal. The appeal must provide a detailed justification, including point-by-point responses to the reviewers' and/or Editor's comments using an appeal form. Appeals can only be submitted following a “reject and decline resubmission” decision and should be submitted within three months from the decision date. Failure to meet these criteria will result in the appeal not being considered further. The Managing Editor will forward the manuscript and related information (including the identities of the referees) to a designated Editorial Board Member. The Academic Editor being consulted will be asked to provide an advisory recommendation on the manuscript and may recommend acceptance, further peer review, or uphold the original rejection decision. This decision will then be validated by the Editor-in-Chief. A reject decision at this stage is final and cannot be reversed.
作者可以通过向期刊编辑部发送电子邮件对拒绝提出上诉。申诉必须提供详细的理由，包括使用申诉表对审稿人和/或编辑意见的逐点回应。只有在做出“拒绝和拒绝重新提交”决定后才能提交上诉，并应在决定之日起三个月内提交。不符合这些标准将导致上诉不予进一步考虑。执行编辑会将稿件和相关信息（包括审稿人的身份）转发给指定的编委会成员。被咨询的学术编辑将被要求就稿件提供咨询建议，并可能建议接受、进一步的同行评审或维持原来的拒绝决定。然后，该决定将由主编确认。此阶段的拒绝决定是最终决定，不可撤销。
Production and Publication
制作和出版
Once accepted, the manuscript will undergo professional copy-editing, English editing, proofreading by the authors, final corrections, pagination, and, publication on the www.mdpi.com website.
稿件一经录用，将进行专业文案编辑、英文编辑、作者校对、最终更正、分页，并在 www.mdpi.com 网站上公布。
Please read detailed Editorial Process here.
请在此处阅读详细的编辑流程。
Transfer Service 接送服务
A manuscript transfer provides you with a convenient method of resubmitting your manuscript file and any reviewer comments to another journal within our publishing portfolio.
稿件转移为您提供了一种便捷的方法，可以将您的稿件文件和任何审稿人意见重新提交到我们出版组合中的其他期刊。
We are committed to helping authors find the right home for their research, and we will provide authors with guidance and technical support through all stages of the transfer process. Authors will be able to choose to transfer in the following two situations:
我们致力于帮助作者为他们的研究找到合适的归宿，我们将在转移过程的各个阶段为作者提供指导和技术支持。在以下两种情况下，作者可以选择转移：
1. Select alternative journals on submission.
1. 投稿时选择替代期刊。
We now ask all authors to select up to three alternate journals during the submission process. The suggested alternative journals will be ordered according to the authors’ preference. If a paper is evaluated as out of scope by the first-choice journal, it will be transferred to the first alternative journal automatically. If the first alternative journal also rejects the paper because it is out of scope, it will be transferred to the second alternative journal automatically, and so on.
现在，我们要求所有作者在投稿过程中选择最多三本候补期刊。建议的替代期刊将根据作者的偏好进行排序。如果一篇论文被首选期刊评定为超出范围，它将自动转移到第一替代期刊。如果第一本备选期刊也因为论文超出范围而拒绝该论文，则该论文将自动转移到第二本备选期刊，依此类推。
The information below applies for the transfer of manuscripts when your paper is rejected and automatically transferred to your selected alternative journal.
以下信息适用于您的论文被拒绝并自动转移到您选择的替代期刊时的稿件转移。
Note: If you did not select an alternative journal during submission, the below does not apply.
注意：如果您在投稿时没有选择替代期刊，则以下内容不适用。
How do I select an alternative journal?
如何选择替代期刊？
Authors can use our Journal Finder tool to identify suitable journals in our portfolio. We suggest you select alternative journals based on the scope and subject area of your manuscript.
作者可以使用我们的期刊查找工具在我们的投资组合中识别合适的期刊。我们建议您根据稿件的范围和主题领域选择替代期刊。
All of our journals are listed here, and you can find out more about each journal by clicking through to the journal homepage.
我们所有的期刊都在这里列出，您可以通过点击期刊主页找到有关每本期刊的更多信息。
Do I have to pay to transfer my manuscript?
我需要付费才能转移我的稿件吗？
No, there is no direct fee for transferring your manuscript.
不，转让稿件不收取直接费用。
Open access publication fees
开放获取出版费
If you transfer your manuscript to another open access (OA) journal you will be charged an Article Processing Charge (APC) if your article is accepted for publication. The APC for each journal can be found on the individual journal’s website. For more information about APCs, please see here.
如果您将稿件转移到其他开放获取 （OA） 期刊，如果您的文章被接受发表，您将被收取文章处理费 （APC）。每本期刊的APC可以在各个期刊的网站上找到。有关 APC 的更多信息，请参阅此处。
2. Authors are encouraged to transfer manuscripts to other MDPI journals.
2. 鼓励作者将稿件转移到其他MDPI期刊。
If the submitted journal cannot process this manuscript, but other MDPI journals can process it or the academic editor encourages authors to transfer the manuscript to other MDPI journals after revisions, authors will receive an email including the recommended journals. Authors can click on the link in the email to transfer or resubmit according to their own wishes.
如果提交的期刊无法处理该稿件，但其他MDPI期刊可以处理该稿件，或者学术编辑鼓励作者在修改后将稿件转移到其他MDPI期刊，作者将收到一封电子邮件，其中包含推荐的期刊。作者可以点击邮件中的链接，根据自己的意愿进行转移或重新提交。
Promoting Equity, Diversity and Inclusiveness within MDPI Journals
促进MDPI期刊的公平性、多样性和包容性
Our Managing Editors encourage the Editors-in-Chief and Associate Editors to appoint diverse expert Editorial Boards. This is also reflective in our multi-national and inclusive workplace. We are proud to create equal opportunities without regard to gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, age, religion, or socio-economic status. There is no place for discrimination in our workplace and editors of MDPI journals are to uphold these principles in high regard.
我们的执行编辑鼓励主编和副主编任命不同的专家编辑委员会。这也反映在我们跨国和包容的工作场所中。我们很自豪能够创造平等的机会，不分性别、种族、性取向、年龄、宗教或社会经济地位。在我们的工作场所没有歧视的容身之地，MDPI期刊的编辑应高度重视这些原则。
Open Access and Article Processing Charge (APC)
开放获取和文章处理费 （APC）
All articles published in Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050) are published in full open access. An article processing charge (APC) of CHF 2400 (Swiss Francs) applies to papers accepted after peer review. This article processing charge is to cover the costs of peer review, copyediting, typesetting, long-term archiving, and journal management. In addition to Swiss francs (CHF), we also accept payment in euros (EUR), US dollars (USD), British pound sterling (GBP), Japanese yen (JPY) or Canadian dollars (CAD).
所有发表在《可持续发展》（ISSN 2071-1050）上的文章均以完全开放获取的方式发表。经同行评审接受的论文需缴纳2400瑞士法郎（瑞士法郎）的文章处理费（APC）。本文处理费用于支付同行评审、文案编辑、排版、长期存档和期刊管理等费用。除瑞士法郎（CHF）外，我们还接受欧元（EUR），美元（USD），英镑（GBP），日元（JPY）或加元（CAD）付款。
Invoices are emailed shortly after acceptance to the payment contact provided by the authors. Only official invoices issued by MDPI (@mdpi.com) are valid. We do not authorize any third party to collect the APCs. MDPI is the sole service provider and cannot be held liable for actions by third parties.
发票在接受后不久通过电子邮件发送给作者提供的付款联系人。只有 MDPI （@mdpi.com） 开具的官方发票才有效。我们不授权任何第三方收集 APC。MDPI是唯一的服务提供商，不对第三方的行为负责。
Local VAT or Sales Tax will be added if applicable.
如果适用，将添加当地增值税或销售税。
For more detailed information on how to pay an invoice, please see our Payment Instructions.
有关如何支付发票的更多详细信息，请参阅我们的付款说明。
Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions. Note that many national and private research funding organizations and universities explicitly cover APCs for articles resulting from funded research projects. Discounts are also available for authors from institutes which participate in MDPI's Institutional Open Access Program (IOAP).
提交的论文应格式良好，并使用良好的英语。作者可以在出版前或作者修改期间使用MDPI的英文编辑服务。请注意，许多国家和私人研究资助组织和大学明确涵盖资助研究项目产生的文章的 APC。参与MDPI机构开放获取计划（IOAP）的机构的作者也可以享受折扣。
955
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
