python作图

最重要的一张图了，有助于了解一下图的各个组成部分。最重要的一句话就是 Figure包含至少一个Axes，每个Axes可以被认为是一个模块（包含坐标轴，标题，图像内容等）。因此，创建单图的时候就是在Figure中唯一一个axes上进行设置；多图的时候就是分别对每一个axes进行设置。

fig = plt.figure()  # an empty figure with no Axes
fig, ax = plt.subplots()  # a figure with a single Axes
fig, axs = plt.subplots(2, 2)  # a figure with a 2x2 grid of Axes. Here axs contains two axes.
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2) # a figure with a 1*2 grid of Axes

其实 https://matplotlib.org/stable/users/explain/quick_start.html 中个介绍的比较清楚，但是比较长，这边就简化些。
需要用的包：

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

import matplotlib as mpl

1. 基本单张图

   x = np.linspace(0, 2, 100)  # Sample data.
   
   plt.figure(figsize=(5, 2.7), layout='constrained')
   plt.plot(x, x, label='linear')  # Plot some data on the (implicit) axes.
   plt.plot(x, x**2, label='quadratic')  # etc.
   plt.plot(x, x**3, label='cubic')
   plt.xlabel('x label')
   plt.ylabel('y label')
   plt.title("Simple Plot")
   plt.legend()
   plt.show()
   

   很简单，但是不太推荐这种形式，尤其是需要更改复杂的东西的时候。下面这种形式更加推荐。

   x = np.linspace(0, 2, 100)  # Sample data.
   
   # Note that even in the OO-style, we use `.pyplot.figure` to create the Figure.
   fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(5, 2.7), layout='constrained')
   ax.plot(x, x, label='linear')  # Plot some data on the axes.
   ax.plot(x, x**2, label='quadratic')  # Plot more data on the axes...
   ax.plot(x, x**3, label='cubic')  # ... and some more.
   ax.set_xlabel('x label')  # Add an x-label to the axes.
   ax.set_ylabel('y label')  # Add a y-label to the axes.
   ax.set_title("Simple Plot")  # Add a title to the axes.
   ax.legend()  # Add a legend.
   plt.show()
   

   

2. 多图排列

   import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
   import numpy as np
   
   # Helper function used for visualization in the following examples
   def identify_axes(ax_dict, fontsize=48):
       """
       Helper to identify the Axes in the examples below.
       Draws the label in a large font in the center of the Axes.
       Parameters
       ----------
       ax_dict : dict[str, Axes]
           Mapping between the title / label and the Axes.
       fontsize : int, optional
           How big the label should be.
       """
       kw = dict(ha="center", va="center", fontsize=fontsize, color="darkgrey")
       for k, ax in ax_dict.items():
           ax.text(0.5, 0.5, k, transform=ax.transAxes, **kw)
   
   
   np.random.seed(19680801)
   hist_data = np.random.randn(1_500)
   
   fig = plt.figure(layout="constrained")
   ax_array = fig.subplots(2, 2, squeeze=False)
   
   ax_array[0, 0].bar(["a", "b", "c"], [5, 7, 9])
   ax_array[0, 1].plot([1, 2, 3])
   ax_array[1, 0].hist(hist_data, bins="auto")
   ax_array[1, 1].imshow([[1, 2], [2, 1]])
   
   identify_axes(
       {(j, k): a for j, r in enumerate(ax_array) for k, a in enumerate(r)},
   )
   

   

   ax_array = plt.figure(layout="constrained").subplot_mosaic(
       """
       .α.
       b☢ℝ
       ddd
       """,
       empty_sentinel=".", # default
       # set the height ratios between the rows
       height_ratios=[1, 3.5, 1],
       # set the width ratios between the columns
       width_ratios=[1, 3.5, 1],
       per_subplot_kw={
           "☢": {"projection": "polar"},
       },
   )
   
   np.random.seed(19680801)
   hist_data = np.random.randn(1_500)
   
   ax_array['α'].bar(["a", "b", "c"], [5, 7, 9])
   ax_array['b'].plot([1, 2, 3])
   ax_array['d'].hist(hist_data, bins="auto")
   ax_array['ℝ'].imshow([[1, 2], [2, 1]])
   identify_axes(ax_array)
   

   

   更多请参考https://matplotlib.org/stable/users/explain/axes/mosaic.html ，花样太多了，根本用不过来。

3. 保存图像
   fig.savefig('MyFigure.png', dpi=300, bbox_inches='tight', pad_inches=0.2)

4. 颜色color

   import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
   from matplotlib import cm
   import numpy as np		
   x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
   y = np.array([5, 4, 3, 2, 1])
   my_colors = cm.BuGn(0.3 + 0.65 * np.arange(x.shape[0]) / x.shape[0])
   plt.bar(x, y, color=my_colors)
   plt.show()
   

5
7. marker的形式