我们所熟知的二项式展开
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(1)
(a+b)^N=\sum_{j=0}^N\begin{pmatrix}N\\j\end{pmatrix}a^jb^{(N-j)}=\sum_{j=0}^N\begin{pmatrix}N\\j\end{pmatrix}a^{(N-j)}b^j \tag 1
(a+b)N=j=0∑N(Nj)ajb(N−j)=j=0∑N(Nj)a(N−j)bj(1)
二项式展开的系数
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\begin{pmatrix}N\\j\end{pmatrix}=\frac{N!}{(N-j)!\ j!}=\frac{\Gamma(N+1)}{\Gamma(N-j+1)\Gamma(j+1)} \tag 2
(Nj)=(N−j)! j!N!=Γ(N−j+1)Γ(j+1)Γ(N+1)(2)
如果
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N=−1/2, 这种特殊类型的二项式展开类似地可表示为
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\sqrt{1-x}=(1-x)^{1/2}=\sum_{j=0}^\infty\begin{pmatrix}1/2\\j\end{pmatrix}(-x)^j \tag 3
1−x=(1−x)1/2=j=0∑∞(1/2j)(−x)j(3)
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(4)
{1\over\sqrt{1-x}}=(1-x)^{-1/2}=\sum_{j=0}^\infty\begin{pmatrix}-1/2\\j\end{pmatrix}(-x)^j \tag 4
1−x1=(1−x)−1/2=j=0∑∞(−1/2j)(−x)j(4)
这里
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(5)
\begin{pmatrix}1/2\\j\end{pmatrix}=(-1)^{j-1}\frac{(2j-3)!!}{(2j)!!} \tag 5
(1/2j)=(−1)j−1(2j)!!(2j−3)!!(5)
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\begin{pmatrix}-1/2\\j\end{pmatrix}=(-1)^{j}\frac{(2j-1)!!}{(2j)!!} \tag 6
(−1/2j)=(−1)j(2j)!!(2j−1)!!(6)
一般地
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\begin{pmatrix}x\\j\end{pmatrix}=\frac{\Gamma(x+1)}{\Gamma(x-j+1)\Gamma(j+1)} \tag 7
(xj)=Γ(x−j+1)Γ(j+1)Γ(x+1)(7) 利用
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\Gamma(x)={\Gamma(x+1)\over x} \tag 8
Γ(x)=xΓ(x+1)(8) 可计算 (7)。
利用这种特殊类型的二项式展开,可以计算如下的椭圆积分
The complete elliptic integral of the first kind is defined as follows:
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K(m)=F(\left. {\pi\over 2}\right|m)=\int_0^{\pi/2}{1\over \sqrt{1-m^2\sin^2(\theta)}}d\theta \tag 9
K(m)=F(2π∣∣∣m)=∫0π/21−m2sin2(θ)1dθ(9)
The complete elliptic integral of the second kind is defined as follows:
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E(m)=E(\left. {\pi\over 2}\right|m)=\int_0^{\pi/2}{ \sqrt{1-m^2\sin^2(\theta)}}d\theta \tag {10}
E(m)=E(2π∣∣∣m)=∫0π/21−m2sin2(θ)dθ(10)
利用二项式展开可得到(Ref 1)
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\begin{aligned}K(m)&=\int_0^{\pi/2}\sum_{j=0}^\infty \begin{pmatrix}-1/2\\j\end{pmatrix}(-1)^j(m^2\sin^2 \theta)^j \\&={\pi\over 2}{}_2F_1({1\over 2}, {1\over 2};1;k^2), \quad (\textrm{also Ref 4, } 8.113)\end{aligned} \tag {11}
K(m)=∫0π/2j=0∑∞(−1/2j)(−1)j(m2sin2θ)j=2π2F1(21,21;1;k2),(also Ref 4, 8.113)(11)
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\begin{aligned}E(m)&=\int_0^{\pi/2}\sum_{j=0}^\infty \begin{pmatrix}1/2\\j\end{pmatrix}(-1)^j(m^2\sin^2 \theta)^j \\&={\pi\over 2}{}_2F_1(-{1\over 2}, {1\over 2};1;k^2),\quad (\textrm{also Ref 4, } 8.114)\end{aligned} \tag {12}
E(m)=∫0π/2j=0∑∞(1/2j)(−1)j(m2sin2θ)j=2π2F1(−21,21;1;k2),(also Ref 4, 8.114)(12)
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_2F_1(\ ,\ ;\ ;\ )
2F1( , ; ; ) 是超几何函数,涉及到了The Pochhammer symbol (Ref 2),利用下面的公式可计算负数的对应结果
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(x)_n={\Gamma(x+n)\over\Gamma(x)} \tag {13}
(x)n=Γ(x)Γ(x+n)(13)
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\Gamma(x)={\Gamma(x+1)\over x} \tag {14}
Γ(x)=xΓ(x+1)(14)
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(-x)_n=(-1)^n(x-n+1)_n \tag {15}
(−x)n=(−1)n(x−n+1)n(15)
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(-1/2)_n={\Gamma(-1/2+n)\over\Gamma(-1/2)} ={(-1/2)\Gamma(-1/2+n)\over\Gamma(1/2)}={-(2n-3)!!\over 2^n}
(−1/2)n=Γ(−1/2)Γ(−1/2+n)=Γ(1/2)(−1/2)Γ(−1/2+n)=2n−(2n−3)!!
在Ref 3 p170 习题12,利用椭圆积分计算窄带高斯信号包络的相关。
Ref
- https://archive.lib.msu.edu/crcmath/math/math/e/e078.htm
- https://mathworld.wolfram.com/PochhammerSymbol.html
- W. B. Davenport, Jr., and W. L. Root, An Introduction to the Theory of Randum Signals and Noise, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1958.
- Table of Integrals, Series, and Products