Struts2中一些零碎的知识点

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[原]Struts2-深入探索
[标题]:[原]Struts2-深入探索
[时间]:2009-8-26

[摘要]:Struts2中一些零碎的知识点:struts.xml详解、模型驱动、Preparable接口、防止表单重复提交、ActionContext、动态方法调用、异常
[关键字]:浪曦视频，Struts2应用开发系列，WebWork，Apache，深入探索
[环境]:struts-2.1.6、JDK6、MyEclipse7、Tomcat6
[作者]:Winty (wintys@gmail.com) http://www.blogjava.net/wintys

[正文]:
1、struts.xml详解
a. struts.properties
在struts.xml中可以定义constant覆盖struts-core.jar/org/apache/struts2/default.properties中的设置。
例:<constant name="struts.custom.i18n.resources" value="message"/>

也可以直接新建struts.properties (与struts.xml在同一目录)，在struts.properties中配置。推荐在struts.properties中进行配置。
例:struts.custom.i18n.resources = message

b. abstract package
struts-core.jar/struts-default.xml，中有如下定义。
<package name="struts-default" abstract="true" >
......
</package>
其中abstract="true"中，表示在此package中不能定义Action(与Java abstract类相似)，仅供继承。

c. namespace
strut.xml中:
<package name="MyStruts" extends="struts-default" namespace ="/ mystruts">
......
</package>

默认命名空间为namespace=""，命名空间要以"/"开头。
JSP访问:<s:form action="miscellaneous" namespace="/mystruts" >。
不能写成<s:form action="/mystruts/miscellaneous"> ，否则会发生错误:"No configuration found for the specified action: '/mystruts/miscellaneous' in namespace: '/miscellaneous'. Form action defaulting to 'action' attribute's literal value."[2]。

d. 模块化配置
......
<struts>
<include file="struts1.xml" />
<package ...>
......
</package>
</struts>
include中struts1.xml的编写与struts.xml是类似的。


2、属性驱动与模型驱动
属性驱动:直接在Action中写表单属性。

/StrutsHelloWorld/src/wintys/struts2/miscellaneous/MiscellaneousAction.java：


package wintys.struts2.miscellaneous;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;
/**
*
* @author Winty (wintys@gmail.com)
* @version 2009-8-24
* @see http://wintys.blogjava.net
*/
@SuppressWarnings("serial")
public class MiscellaneousAction extends ActionSupport {
private String name;
private String password;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getPassword() {
return password;
}
public void setPassword(String password) {
this.password = password;
}

@Override
public String execute() throws Exception {
return SUCCESS;
}
}


模型驱动:将属性放到JavaBean中，Action需要实现com.opensymphony.xwork2.ModelDriven接口。ModelDrivenInterceptor 必须在之前StaticParametersInterceptor and ParametersInterceptor。这个顺序已在defaultStack Interceptor中定义。

/StrutsHelloWorld/src/wintys/struts2/miscellaneous/User.java:

package wintys.struts2.miscellaneous;
/**
* 模型驱动Action中的模型
* @author Winty (wintys@gmail.com)
* @version 2009-8-25
* @see http://wintys.blogjava.net
*/
public class User {
private String name;
private String password;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getPassword() {
return password;
}
public void setPassword(String password) {
this.password = password;
}
}


/StrutsHelloWorld/src/wintys/struts2/miscellaneous/MiscellaneousModelDrivenAction.java:

package wintys.struts2.miscellaneous;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ModelDriven;

@SuppressWarnings("serial")
public class MiscellaneousModelDrivenAction extends ActionSupport implements
ModelDriven<User>{

private User user = new User();

@Override
public User getModel() {
return user;
}

@Override
public String execute() throws Exception {
return SUCCESS;
}
}


3、Preparable接口
Action还可以实现com.opensymphony.xwork2.Preparable接口，用于准备Action自己。Preparable中的prepare方法在Action执行其它方法前执行。

4、使用simple 主题时，如何单独格式化Struts错误提示信息
单独显示name字段的fielderror:

<s:fielderror>
<s:param>name</s:param>
</s:fielderror>


5、Struts防止表单重复提交
JSP页面中加入token和actionerror:
<s:actionerror />
<s:form .../>
<s:token />
</s:form>

token产生的actionerror的i18n key为:struts.message.invalid.token。

在struts.xml中的Action配置中加入token interceptor，和invalid.token result:

<action name="miscellaneous" class="wintys.struts2.miscellaneous.MiscellaneousModelDrivenAction">
<result name="success">/miscellaneous/output.jsp</result>
<result name="input">/miscellaneous/input.jsp</result>

<result name="invalid.token " >/miscellaneous/input.jsp</result>
<interceptor-ref name="token " />
<interceptor-ref name="defaultStack" />
</action>


生成的JSP页面如下:
<input type="hidden" name="struts.token.name" value="struts.token " />
<input type="hidden" name="struts.token " value="ORU0RZIP8JWQ7BDZG4P1NJSEKITGG6X5" />

struts.token.name指<s:token />中的name，默认为struts.token。也可以自己指定<s:token name="mytoken" />。则生成如下token:
<input type="hidden" name="struts.token.name" value="mytoken" />
<input type="hidden" name="mytoken" value="GFD13EW206G2DY9AB3SRIAVXXT1S915C" />

6、通过Struts获取Servlet API
一般Java Web程序不能离开容器进行测试。容器内测试常用框架:Cactus(jakarta.apache.org/cactus/index.html) 、Mock。

通过Struts获取Servlet API，使程序可脱离容器测试。Struts中可通过如下方法获取Servlet API:ActionContext 、ServletActionContext、ServletXXXAware。首选ActionContext，其次选择ServletActionContext，再次ServletXXXAware。

a. ActionContext
com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext.getActionContext()获取ActionContext实例。

ActionContext的get()和put()方法与HttpServletRequest的对应关系:
ActionContext.get() <=> HttpServletRequest.getAttribute()
ActionContext.put() <=> HttpServletRequest.setAttribute()

例:

ActionContext context = ActionContext.getContext();
context.put("info", "this is ActionContext value");


但是ActionContext无法获取Servlet HttpResponse对象。

b. ServletActionContext
org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext是com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext的子类。

使用静态方法直接获取Servlet对象:
Request: ServletActionContext.getRequest();
Response: ServletActionContext.getResponse();
Session: ServletActionContext.getRequest().getSession();

例:

Cookie cookie = new Cookie("mycookie" , "10000");
HttpServletResponse response = ServletActionContext.getResponse() ;
response.addCookie(cookie);


c. ServletXXXAware接口
org.apache.struts2.util.ServletContextAware接口
org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ServletRequestAware接口
org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ServletResponseAware接口
org.apache.struts2.interceptor.SessionAware接口

实现ServletXXXAware接口的Action会被Struts自动注入相应的Servlet对象。

例:

package wintys.struts2.miscellaneous;

import org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ServletRequestAware;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;

@SuppressWarnings("serial")
public class MiscellaneousModelDrivenAction extends ActionSupport implements
ServletRequestAware {
private HttpServletRequest request;
......
@Override
public String execute() throws Exception {
//实现ServletRequestAware接口，Struts自动注入的request
Cookie[] cookies = this.request.getCookies();
for(Cookie ck : cookies){
System.out.print("cookie:" + ck.getName());
System.out.println(" = " + ck.getValue());
}

return SUCCESS;
}
......
@Override
public void setServletRequest (HttpServletRequest request) {
this.request = request;
}
}


7、动态方法调用
a. Action配置中，由method指定动态调用方法的名称。
<action name="myaction" class="com.tests.MyAction" method="myexecute ">
......
</action>

b.在JSP页面中，调用Action时加感叹号指定动态调用方法的名称。
<s:form action="myaction!myexecute " />

c.通配符
<action name="*action " class="com.tests.MyAction" method="{1} ">
则请求中helloaction对应到action中的hello()方法，以此类推。


8、异常
发生异常时，可转到指定的result。由exception-mapping配置

<action name="miscellaneous" class="wintys.struts2.miscellaneous.MiscellaneousModelDrivenAction">
<result name="success">/miscellaneous/output.jsp</result>
<result name="input">/miscellaneous/input.jsp</result>
<exception-mapping exception="wintys.struts2.miscellaneous.NameInvalidException" result="nameInvalid" />
<result name="nameInvalid">/miscellaneous/nameInvalidException.jsp</result>
</action>


也可以配置全局exception mapping

<global-exception-mapping>
<exception-mapping result="nameInvalid" />
</global-exception-mapping>


nameInvalidException.jsp:

<s:property value="exception"/>
<s:property value="exceptionStack" />


NameInvalidException.java:

package wintys.struts2.miscellaneous;
@SuppressWarnings("serial")
public class NameInvalidException extends Exception {
public NameInvalidException(String message) {
super(message);
}
}


9、详细代码
/StrutsHelloWorld/WebRoot/miscellaneous/input.jsp:

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%@ taglib uri="/struts-tags" prefix="s" %>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>Input</title>
</head>
<body>
<s:actionerror/>

<s:form action="miscellaneous" method="post" theme="simple" namespace="/mystruts">
<s:token name="mytoken"/>

用户名:<s:textfield name="name" />
<s:fielderror >
<s:param>name</s:param>
</s:fielderror>
<br />


密码:<s:textfield name="password"/>
<s:fielderror >
<s:param>password</s:param>
</s:fielderror>
<br />

<s:submit name="提 交" />
</s:form>

<hr />
动态方法调用方法二: miscellaneous!myexecute
<s:form action="miscellaneous!myexecute" namespace="/mystruts">
<s:token name="mytoken"/>
<s:hidden name="name" value="test" />
<s:hidden name="password" value="test" />
<s:submit name="提交执行myexecute() " />
</s:form>
</body>
</html>


/StrutsHelloWorld/WebRoot/miscellaneous/output.jsp:

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%@ taglib uri="/struts-tags" prefix="s" %>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>Output</title>
</head>
<body>
提交结果:<br/>
用户名:<s:property value="name"/> <br />
密码:<s:property value="password"/> <br />
<hr />
${request.info}
${cookie.mycookie.value }
</body>
</html>


/StrutsHelloWorld/src/wintys/struts2/miscellaneous/MiscellaneousModelDrivenAction.java:

package wintys.struts2.miscellaneous;
import javax.servlet.http.Cookie;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext;
import org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ServletRequestAware;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ModelDriven;
/**
* Struts2深入探索
* @author Winty (wintys@gmail.com)
* @version 2009-8-26
* @see http://wintys.blogjava.net
*/
@SuppressWarnings("serial")
public class MiscellaneousModelDrivenAction extends ActionSupport implements
ModelDriven<User> , ServletRequestAware {

private User user = new User();
private HttpServletRequest request;

@Override
public User getModel() {
return user;
}

@Override
public String execute() throws Exception {
System.out.println("this is model driven action");

if(user.getName().equals("admin")){
throw new NameInvalidException("name 'admin' is invalid");
}

//ActionContext.put相当于HttpServletRequest.setAttribute()
ActionContext context = ActionContext.getContext();
context.put("info", "this is ActionContext value");

//ServletActionContext.getResponse得到Response对象
Cookie cookie = new Cookie("mycookie" , "10000");
HttpServletResponse response = ServletActionContext.getResponse();
response.addCookie(cookie);

//实现ServletRequestAware接口，Struts自动注入的request
Cookie[] cookies = this.request.getCookies();
for(Cookie ck : cookies){
System.out.print("cookie:" + ck.getName());
System.out.println(" = " + ck.getValue());
}

return SUCCESS;
}

public String myexecute()throws Exception{
System.out.println("myexecute()");

return SUCCESS;
}

@Override
public void validate() {
if(user.getName() == null || user.getName().equals("")){
this.addFieldError("name", "invalid name");
}
}

@Override
public void setServletRequest(HttpServletRequest request) {
this.request = request;
}
}


/src/struts.xml:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
"-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN"
"http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd">

<struts>
<package name="MyStruts" extends="struts-default" namespace="/mystruts">
<!-- Struts2深入探索 -->
<action name="miscellaneous" class="wintys.struts2.miscellaneous.MiscellaneousModelDrivenAction">
<result name="success">/miscellaneous/output.jsp</result>
<result name="input">/miscellaneous/input.jsp</result>
<exception-mapping exception="wintys.struts2.miscellaneous.NameInvalidException" result="nameInvalid" />
<result name="nameInvalid">/miscellaneous/nameInvalidException.jsp</result>
<result name="invalid.token" >/miscellaneous/input.jsp</result>
<interceptor-ref name="token" />
<interceptor-ref name="defaultStack" />
</action>
</package>
</struts>