十六、C++ 类型转换

1.动态类型转换

#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>

using namespace std;

class Human {
private:
	int a;
public:
	virtual void eating(void) { cout<<"use hand to eat"<<endl; }
	virtual ~Human() { cout<<"~Human()"<<endl; }
	virtual Human* test(void) {cout<<"Human's test"<<endl; return this; }
};

class Englishman : public Human {
public:
	void eating(void) { cout<<"use knife to eat"<<endl; }
	virtual ~Englishman() { cout<<"~Englishman()"<<endl; }
	virtual Englishman* test(void) {cout<<"Englishman's test"<<endl; return this; }
};


class Chinese : public Human {
public:
	void eating(void) { cout<<"use chopsticks to eat"<<endl; }
	virtual ~Chinese() { cout<<"~Chinese()"<<endl; }
	virtual Chinese* test(void) {cout<<"Chinese's test"<<endl; return this; }
};

void test_eating(Human& h)
{
	Englishman *pe;
	Chinese    *pc;
	
	h.eating();

	if (pe = dynamic_cast<Englishman *>(&h))
		cout<<"This human is Englishman"<<endl;

	if (pc = dynamic_cast<Chinese *>(&h))
		cout<<"This human is Chinese"<<endl;
	
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	Human h;
	Englishman e;
	Chinese c;

	test_eating(h);
	test_eating(e);
	test_eating(c);

	return 0;
}

类有虚函数，它的对象里面就含有一个指针， 指向一个表，表含有类信息，从类信息里面知道这个对象是属于哪个类的、继承信息。。。。。

动态类型转换就是根据类信息来找的，其只能用在含有虚函数的类里面

2.能动态转化成父类吗？能

#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>

using namespace std;

class Human {
private:
	int a;
public:
	virtual void eating(void) { cout<<"use hand to eat"<<endl; }
	virtual ~Human() { cout<<"~Human()"<<endl; }
	virtual Human* test(void) {cout<<"Human's test"<<endl; return this; }
};

class Englishman : public Human {
public:
	void eating(void) { cout<<"use knife to eat"<<endl; }
	virtual ~Englishman() { cout<<"~Englishman()"<<endl; }
	virtual Englishman* test(void) {cout<<"Englishman's test"<<endl; return this; }
};


class Chinese : public Human {
public:
	void eating(void) { cout<<"use chopsticks to eat"<<endl; }
	virtual ~Chinese() { cout<<"~Chinese()"<<endl; }
	virtual Chinese* test(void) {cout<<"Chinese's test"<<endl; return this; }
};

class Guangximan : public Chinese {
public:
	void eating(void) { cout<<"use chopsticks to eat, I come from guangxi"<<endl; }
};

void test_eating(Human& h)
{
	Englishman *pe;
	Chinese    *pc;
	Guangximan *pg;
	
	h.eating();

	if (pe = dynamic_cast<Englishman *>(&h))
		cout<<"This human is Englishman"<<endl;

	if (pc = dynamic_cast<Chinese *>(&h))
		cout<<"This human is Chinese"<<endl;
	
	if (pg = dynamic_cast<Guangximan *>(&h))
		cout<<"This human is Guangximan"<<endl;
	
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	Guangximan g;

	test_eating(g);

	return 0;
}


use chopsticks to eat, I come from guangxi
This human is Chinese
This human is Guangximan
~Chinese()
~Human()

3. 

该运算符把 expression 转换成 type-id 类型的对象

type-id 必须是类的指针、类的引用或者 void* ；

如果 type-id是指针，expression必须也是指针

如果 type-id是引用，expression必须也是引用

前面是指针，下面改为引用

#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>

using namespace std;

class Human {
private:
	int a;
public:
	virtual void eating(void) { cout<<"use hand to eat"<<endl; }
	virtual ~Human() { cout<<"~Human()"<<endl; }
	virtual Human* test(void) {cout<<"Human's test"<<endl; return this; }
};

class Englishman : public Human {
public:
	void eating(void) { cout<<"use knife to eat"<<endl; }
	virtual ~Englishman() { cout<<"~Englishman()"<<endl; }
	virtual Englishman* test(void) {cout<<"Englishman's test"<<endl; return this; }
};


class Chinese : public Human {
public:
	void eating(void) { cout<<"use chopsticks to eat"<<endl; }
	virtual ~Chinese() { cout<<"~Chinese()"<<endl; }
	virtual Chinese* test(void) {cout<<"Chinese's test"<<endl; return this; }
};

class Guangximan : public Chinese {
public:
	void eating(void) { cout<<"use chopsticks to eat, I come from guangxi"<<endl; }
};

void test_eating(Human& h)
{
#if 1
	//Englishman& pe = dynamic_cast<Englishman&>(h);   err 广西转化为英国人
    //用指针的时候可以不成功，所以强制类型转换经常用指针

	Chinese&    pc = dynamic_cast<Chinese&>(h);
	Guangximan& pg = dynamic_cast<Guangximan&>(h);
#else
	Englishman& pe = reinterpret_cast<Englishman&>(h);
	Chinese&	pc = reinterpret_cast<Chinese&>(h);
	Guangximan& pg = reinterpret_cast<Guangximan&>(h);
#endif

	h.eating();
	
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	//Human h;
	//Englishman e;
	//Chinese c;
	Guangximan g;

	//test_eating(h);
	//test_eating(e);
	//test_eating(c);
	test_eating(g);

	return 0;
}

上行：派生类对象转化为基类对象

下行：基类对象转化为派生类对象

为什么称为动态类型转换？ 因为传入的 Human& h 不确定

4.静态类型转换

#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>

using namespace std;

class Human {
private:
	int a;
public:
	virtual void eating(void) { cout<<"use hand to eat"<<endl; }
	virtual ~Human() { cout<<"~Human()"<<endl; }
	virtual Human* test(void) {cout<<"Human's test"<<endl; return this; }
};

class Englishman : public Human {
public:
	void eating(void) { cout<<"use knife to eat"<<endl; }
	virtual ~Englishman() { cout<<"~Englishman()"<<endl; }
	virtual Englishman* test(void) {cout<<"Englishman's test"<<endl; return this; }
};


class Chinese : public Human {
public:
	void eating(void) { cout<<"use chopsticks to eat"<<endl; }
	virtual ~Chinese() { cout<<"~Chinese()"<<endl; }
	virtual Chinese* test(void) {cout<<"Chinese's test"<<endl; return this; }
};

class Guangximan : public Chinese {
public:
	void eating(void) { cout<<"use chopsticks to eat, I come from guangxi"<<endl; }
};

void test_eating(Human& h)
{
#if 1
	//Englishman& pe = dynamic_cast<Englishman&>(h);
	Chinese&    pc = dynamic_cast<Chinese&>(h);
	Guangximan& pg = dynamic_cast<Guangximan&>(h);
#else
	Englishman& pe = reinterpret_cast<Englishman&>(h);
	Chinese&	pc = reinterpret_cast<Chinese&>(h);
	Guangximan& pg = reinterpret_cast<Guangximan&>(h);
#endif

	h.eating();
	
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	Human h;
	//Englishman e;
	//Chinese c;
	Guangximan g;

	Englishman *pe;

	pe = static_cast<Englishman *>(&h);
 
	//Englishman *pe2 = static_cast<Englishman *>(&g);  //err

	Chinese *pc = static_cast<Chinese *>(&g);

	return 0;
}