Reading notes-9

This review describes the sources, fate, and transport of perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) in the environment, with a specific focus on perfluorooctanoate (PFO). The global historical industry-wide emissions of total PFCAs from direct (manufacture, use, consumer products) and indirect (PFCA impurities and/ or precursors) sources were estimated to be 3200-7300 tonnes.

It was estimated that the majority (~80%) of PFCAs have been released to the environment from fluoropolymer manufacure and use. Although indirect sources were estimated to be much less important than direct sources, there were larger uncertainties associated with the calculations for indirect sources. The physical-chemical properties of PFO(negligible vapor pressure, high solubility in water, and moderate sorption tp solids) suggested that PFO would accumulate in surface waters. Estimated mass inventories of PFO in various environmental compartments confirmed that surface waters, especially oceans, contain the majority of PFO.

The only environmental sinks for PFO were identified to be sediment burial and transport to the deep oceans, implying a long environmental residence time. Transport pathways for PFCAs in the environment were reviewed, and it was concluded that, in addition to atmospheric transport/ degradation of precursors, atmospheric and ocean water transport of the PFCAs themselves could significantly contribute to their long-range transport. It was estimated that 2-12 tonnes/year of PFO are transported to the Artic by oceanic transport, which is greated than the amount estimated to result from atmospheric transport/degradation of precursors.

This paper provides the first detailed accounting of the direct and indirect sources of PFCAs released into the environment . Typical PFCA compositions are described and historical global emissions from production and use as well as PFCA emissions from potential degradation of poly-and perfluorinated precursors are estimated for the period 1951-2004.

Recent industry actions to reduce PFCA global emissions are described. The paper additionally reviews the physical-chemical properties, fate, and transport of PFO for which there is the most available information as representative of PFCAs in general. PFO mass inventories in different environmental compartments are estimated to provide an indication of environmental distribution. Finally, key PFO environmental sinks and transport pathways are scrutinized.

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this section summarizes the physical-chemical properties of PFO and PFOA and uses them to provide an indication of their environmental behavior.

引自“Sources, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates”