Internet Protocols-1.3 network core

1.3.1 mesh of interconnected routers

packet-switching:

• hosts break application-layer messages into packets

• forward packets from one router to the next, across links on path from source to destination

• each packet transmitted at full link capacity

（主机将应用层消息分成包，将信息包从一个路由器转发到下一个路由器，跨越从源到目的地路径上的链接。每个包以全链路容量传输）

1.3.2 Packet-switching: store-and-forward

• takes L/R seconds to transmit (push out) L-bit packet into link at R bps
• store and forward: entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link.
• end-end delay = 2L/R (assuming zero propagation delay)

queuing and loss:

if arrival rate (in bits) to link exceeds transmission rate of link for a period of time:
• packets will queue, wait to be transmitted on link
• packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) fills up

若包的到达速率超过传输速率而且过了一段时间则会出现两个问题：

1. 包会进行排队等待传输
2. 若内存已经满了就会将包丢弃

Two key network-core functions：

routing: determines source- destination route taken by packets
forwarding: move packets from router’s input to appropriate router output

1.3.3 Internet structure: network of networks

End systems connect to Internet via access ISPs (Internet Service Providers)

• residential, company and university ISPs

Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected.

• so that any two hosts can send packets to each other

Resulting network of networks is very complex

• evolution was driven by economics and national policies