第8章 函数探幽

1.内联函数

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注意：内联函数不能递归。(我自己编了程序 在内联函数用了递归 程序并没有报错 结果也正常  这句话是在C++ primer plus上看到的  我想这句话的本意应该是提倡不要在内联函数里面用递归 内联函数本来就是通过避免被调用的开销来提高执行效率  用递归就和它的初衷违背了)

2.临时变量，引用参数和const

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3.将引用用于结构

#include <iostream> using namespace std; struct sysop { char name[26]; char quote[64]; int used; }; const sysop & use(sysop & sysopref); // function with a reference return type int main() { sysop looper = { "Rick /"Fortran/" Looper", "I'm a goto kind of guy.", 0 }; use(looper); // looper is type sysop cout << "Looper: " << looper.used << " use(s)/n"; sysop copycat; copycat = use(looper); cout << "Looper: " << looper.used << " use(s)/n"; cout << "Copycat: " << copycat.used << " use(s)/n"; cout << "use(looper): " << use(looper).used << " use(s)/n"; return 0; } const sysop & use(sysop & sysopref) { cout << sysopref.name << " says:/n"; cout << sysopref.quote << endl; sysopref.used++; return sysopref; }

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4.将引用用于类对象

string version1(const string & s1, const string & s2) { ... } main() { ... string input; version1(input,"***"); ... }

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5.何时使用引用参数，指针和按值传递

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6.函数重载

void print(const char * str, int width); void print(double d, int width); void print(long l, int width); void print(int i, int width); void print(const char * str); ... unsigned int year = 3210; print(year,6);

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下面两个原型：

double cube(double x); double cube(double &x);

编译器在检查参数列表时，将把类型引用和类型本身视为同一个参数。

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7.函数模板

      函数模板不能缩短可执行程序。最终的代码不包含任何模板，而只包含了为程序而生成的实际函数。使用模板的好处是，它使生成多个函数定义更简单，更可靠。另外，函数模板也可以重载。

#include <iostream> template <class Any> // original template void Swap(Any &a, Any &b); template <class Any> // new template void Swap(Any *a, Any *b, int n); void Show(int a[]); const int Lim = 8; int main() { using namespace std; int i = 10, j = 20; cout << "i, j = " << i << ", " << j << "./n"; cout << "Using compiler-generated int swapper:/n"; Swap(i,j); // matches original template cout << "Now i, j = " << i << ", " << j << "./n"; int d1[Lim] = {0,7,0,4,1,7,7,6}; int d2[Lim] = {0,6,2,0,1,9,6,9}; cout << "Original arrays:/n"; Show(d1); Show(d2); Swap(d1,d2,Lim); // matches new template cout << "Swapped arrays:/n"; Show(d1); Show(d2); return 0; } template <class Any> void Swap(Any &a, Any &b) { Any temp; temp = a; a = b; b = temp; } template <class Any> void Swap(Any a[], Any b[], int n) { Any temp; for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { temp = a[i]; a[i] = b[i]; b[i] = temp; } } void Show(int a[]) { using namespace std; cout << a[0] << a[1] << "/"; cout << a[2] << a[3] << "/"; for (int i = 4; i < Lim; i++) cout << a[i]; cout << endl; }

8.显式具体化

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C++标准使用下面的方法：

1）对于给定的函数名，可以有非模板函数，模板函数和显式具体化模板函数以及它们的重载版本。

2）显式具体化的原型和定义应以templa<>打头，并通过名称来指出类型。

3）具体化将覆盖常规模板，而非模板函数将覆盖具体化和常规模板。

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 #include <iostream> template <class Any> void Swap(Any &a, Any &b); struct job { char name[40]; double salary; int floor; }; // explicit specialization template <> void Swap<job>(job &j1, job &j2); void Show(job &j); int main() { using namespace std; cout.precision(2); cout.setf(ios::fixed, ios::floatfield); int i = 10, j = 20; cout << "i, j = " << i << ", " << j << "./n"; cout << "Using compiler-generated int swapper:/n"; Swap(i,j); // generates void Swap(int &, int &) cout << "Now i, j = " << i << ", " << j << "./n"; job sue = {"Susan Yaffee", 73000.60, 7}; job sidney = {"Sidney Taffee", 78060.72, 9}; cout << "Before job swapping:/n"; Show(sue); Show(sidney); Swap(sue, sidney); // uses void Swap(job &, job &) cout << "After job swapping:/n"; Show(sue); Show(sidney); return 0; } template <class Any> void Swap(Any &a, Any &b) // general version { Any temp; temp = a; a = b; b = temp; } // swaps just the salary and floor fields of a job structure template <> void Swap<job>(job &j1, job &j2) // specialization { double t1; int t2; t1 = j1.salary; j1.salary = j2.salary; j2.salary = t1; t2 = j1.floor; j1.floor = j2.floor; j2.floor = t2; } void Show(job &j) { using namespace std; cout << j.name << ": $" << j.salary << " on floor " << j.floor << endl; }

9.实例化和具体化

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10.编译器选择哪个函数版本

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 #include <iostream> template <typename T> // template A void ShowArray(T arr[], int n); template <typename T> // template B void ShowArray(T * arr[], int n); struct debts { char name[50]; double amount; }; int main(void) { using namespace std; int things[6] = {13, 31, 103, 301, 310, 130}; struct debts mr_E[3] = { {"Ima Wolfe", 2400.0}, {"Ura Foxe", 1300.0}, {"Iby Stout", 1800.0} }; double * pd[3]; // set pointers to the amount members of the structures in the arr mr_E for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) pd[i] = &mr_E[i].amount; cout << "Listing Mr. E's counts of things:/n"; // things is an array of int ShowArray(things, 6); // uses template A cout << "Listing Mr. E's debts:/n"; // pd is an array of pointers to double ShowArray(pd, 3); // uses template B (more specialized) return 0; } template <typename T> void ShowArray(T arr[], int n) { using namespace std; cout << "template A/n"; for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) cout << arr[i] << ' '; cout << endl; } template <typename T> void ShowArray(T * arr[], int n) { using namespace std; cout << "template B/n"; for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) cout << *arr[i] << ' '; cout << endl; } https://p-blog.csdn.net/images/p_blog_csdn_net/xuanya0214/EntryImages/20090930/5633899179726718750.jpg