Linux 文件与存储之间的关系
在安装操作系统的时候,会让选择扇区的大小,操作系统在读取数据的时候,为了效率会一次读取由N个扇区组成的Block,这些Block的大小与安装时设置的参数有关,Inode=Index node即文件索引。可以理解为一旦一个磁盘的容量确定了,这个磁盘里面的Inode数量也就确定了,不同的存储系统,ext4或者xfs无外乎存储数据的底层结构以及一些附带的属性不太一样,归根到底都是执行下面的操作:应用层把数据交给操作系统,操作系统按照一定的规则(xfs|ext4|others)来存储数据,数据存储到磁盘上,每个inode都包含了一定大小的连续的Block存储空间,文件存储在磁盘上可能并不一定是相邻的Inode上,上层的一些命令,例如ls,stat 等软件,在向操作系统申请读取一个文件时,只需要告诉操作系统这个文件的起始Inode即可,这个起始的inode上已经记录了这个文件的的大小以及占用了多少个block,只要按照顺序读取这些block里的数据拼接起来就是完整的数据。
cd
cd=change directory
cd . | 当前目录 | 情形 | 结果 |
cd .. | 上一级目录 | ||
cd ~ | 当前用户的home目录 | ||
cd - | 前一个工作目录 | cd /etc/nginx;cd /var/logs;cd -; | 最终目录会是/etc/nginx |
cd ~accountname | 指定用户的home目录 |
cd 当前用户的home目录 和cd ~一样
pwd
print working directory
命令简介:
该命令用来显示目前所在的工作目录。指令英文原义:print work directory
执行权限 :All User
指令所在路径:/usr/bin/pwd 或 /bin/pwd
命令语法:
pwd [OPTION]...
命令参数:
参数 | 长参数 | 描叙 |
-L | --logical(无效) | 当目录为连接路径时,显示连接路径 |
-P | --physical(无效) | 显示实际物理路径,而非使用连接(link)路径 |
--help | 显示命令在线帮助(该参数无法使用) | |
--version | 显示命令版本信息(该参数无法使用) |
使用示例:
1:查看pwd命令的帮助信息
PWD(1) User Commands PWD(1)
NAME
pwd - print name of current/working directory
SYNOPSIS
pwd [OPTION]...
DESCRIPTION
Print the full filename of the current working directory.
-L, --logical
use PWD from environment, even if it contains symlinks
-P, --physical
avoid all symlinks
--help display this help and exit
--version
output version information and exit
NOTE: your shell may have its own version of pwd, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports.
GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/> Report pwd translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/>
AUTHOR
Written by Jim Meyering.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright © 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
SEE ALSO
getcwd(3)
The full documentation for pwd is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and pwd programs are properly installed at your site, the command
info coreutils 'pwd invocation'
should give you access to the complete manual.
2:显示当前目录所在路径 pwd
1: [root@DB-Server networking]# pwd
2: /etc/sysconfig/networking
3:显示当前目录的物理路径 pwd –P
1: [root@DB-Server init.d]# cd /etc/init.d
2: [root@DB-Server init.d]# pwd -P
3: /etc/rc.d/init.d
4: 显示当前目录的连接路径:pwd -L
1: [root@DB-Server networking]# cd /etc/init.d
2: [root@DB-Server init.d]# pwd -L
3: /etc/init.d
4: [root@DB-Server init.d]# pwd
5: /etc/init.d