1、https://www.mathworks.com/company/newsletters/articles/stiff-differential-equations.html
2、https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Stiff_differential_system
3、http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Stiff_systems
4、https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/140598/whats-the-intuition-behind-stiff-systems
5、https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/4052647/what-is-meant-by-a-stiff-rigid-ode
6、https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/3311190/i-dont-know-stiff-equation-definition
7、
见文献《Knoll_DA_Keyes_DE_2004_ Jacobian-free Newton–Krylov methods a survey of approaches and applications》
下文见《http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Stiff_systems》