matchFeatures

matchFeatures Find matching features

 INDEX_PAIRS = matchFeatures(FEATURES1, FEATURES2) 

返回INDEX_PAIRS为[P,2]数组，包含最可能相关的特征点的数组。FEATURES1为[M1，N]的数组，FEATURES2为[M2，N]的数组，都可以是由FREAK描述子产生的二值特征。

  [INDEX_PAIRS, MATCH_METRIC] = matchFeatures(FEATURES1, FEATURES2, ...)

除了上述返回值，还返回和INDEX_PAIRS相关的度量值MATCH_METRIC,他是[P,1]的数组。

  [INDEX_PAIRS, MATCH_METRIC] = matchFeatures(...,Name, Value) specifies

附加name-value可以为：

'Method'   两个特征向量之间的距离小于MatchThreshold设置的阈值时他们为匹配的。有三种：

‘Threshold’：只是用匹配阈值。每个特征点能返回多个匹配点。

‘NearestNeighborSymmetric’：使用匹配阈值且只返回一个匹配点。只选择最近邻的匹配点。

'NearestNeighborRatio'：使用匹配且消除了模糊匹配。只有当两特征点之间的最近距离满足一定比率，才符合。比率为特征点到第一个最近邻和到第二个最近邻之间的比值。

         Default: 'NearestNeighborRatio'

‘MatchThreshold’   0 < T <= 100。大于百分之T的特征点确定为匹配点。减小T可获得更多匹配。

                      Default: 10.0 for binary feature vectors （二分特征向量）

                                1.0 otherwise

'MaxRatio'    0 < R <= 1，较小R能得到更多匹配点。只能和'NearestNeighborRatio' method一起使用。

                      Default: 0.6

'Metric'    字符串，当FEATURES1和FEATURES2是binaryFeatures式不可用。

 'SAD'         : Sum of absolute differences

 'SSD'         : Sum of squared differences 

'normxcorr'   : Normalized cross-correlation

 Default: 'SSD'

注意：当FATURES1和FEATURES2是binaryFeatures时，使用Hamming 距离来计算相似的度量。

'Prenormalized'   逻辑标量。TRUE表示FEATURES1和FEATURES2在匹配前已经正规化到单元向量。设置FALSE会导致FEATURES1和FEATURES2的正规化。注意，如果匹配前没有正规化将产生错误结果。FEATURES1和FEATURES2是binaryFeature的时候，参数不可用。

  Default: false

注意：
%   Notes
%   ----- 
%   The range of values of MATCH_METRIC varies as a function of the feature
%   matching metric being used. Prior to computation of SAD and SSD
%   metrics, the feature vectors are normalized to unit vectors. The table
%   below summarizes the metric ranges and perfect match values:
%
%      Metric      Range                            Perfect Match Value
%      ----------  -------------------------------  ------------------- 
%      SAD         [0, 2*sqrt(size(FEATURES1, 1))]          0
%      SSD         [0, 4]                                   0
%      normxcorr   [-1, 1]                                  1
%
%      Hamming     [0, FEATURES1.NumBits]                   0

%

matlab：函数文档

%matchFeatures Find matching features
%   INDEX_PAIRS = matchFeatures(FEATURES1, FEATURES2) returns a P-by-2
%   matrix, INDEX_PAIRS, containing indices to the features most likely to
%   correspond between the two input feature matrices. The function takes
%   two inputs, FEATURES1, an M1-by-N matrix, and FEATURES2, an M2-by-N
%   matrix. FEATURES1 and FEATURES2 can also be binaryFeatures objects in 
%   the case of binary descriptors produced by the FREAK descriptor.
%
%   [INDEX_PAIRS, MATCH_METRIC] = matchFeatures(FEATURES1, FEATURES2, ...)
%   also returns the metric values that correspond to the associated
%   features indexed by INDEX_PAIRS in a P-by-1 matrix MATCH_METRIC.
%
%   [INDEX_PAIRS, MATCH_METRIC] = matchFeatures(...,Name, Value) specifies
%   additional name-value pairs described below:
%
%   'Method'           A string used to specify the matching strategy. All
%                      three methods use the match threshold. Two feature 
%                      vectors match when the distance between them is less 
%                      than the threshold set by the MatchThreshold 
%                      parameter. Set the method to one of the following: 
%
%                      'Threshold': Only uses the match threshold. This 
%                         method can return more than one match for each 
%                         feature. 
%      
%                      'NearestNeighborSymmetric': Only returns unique 
%                         matches in addition to using the match threshold. 
%                         A feature vector only matches to its nearest 
%                         neighbor in the other feature set.
%
%                      'NearestNeighborRatio': Eliminates ambiguous matches 
%                         in addition to using the match threshold. A 
%                         feature vector is matched to its nearest neighbor 
%                         in the other feature set, when the nearest 
%                         neighbor satisfies a ratio test. The ratio test 
%                         compares the distances from the feature vector to
%                         its first and second nearest neighbors in the 
%                         other feature set.
%
%                      Default: 'NearestNeighborRatio'
%
%   'MatchThreshold'   A scalar T, 0 < T <= 100, specifying a threshold
%                      for selecting the strongest matches. Matches having
%                      metrics more than T percent from a perfect match 
%                      are rejected. Increase T to return more matches.
% 
%                      Default: 10.0 for binary feature vectors 
%                                1.0 otherwise
%
%   'MaxRatio'         A scalar R, 0 < R <= 1, specifying a ratio threshold 
%                      for rejecting ambiguous matches. Increase R to return
%                      more matches. This parameter is used only with
%                      'NearestNeighborRatio' method.
%
%                      Default: 0.6
%
%   'Metric'           A string used to specify the feature matching
%                      metric. This parameter is not applicable when 
%                      FEATURES1 and FEATURES2 are binaryFeatures objects.
%                      Possible values are:
%                        'SAD'         : Sum of absolute differences
%                        'SSD'         : Sum of squared differences 
%                        'normxcorr'   : Normalized cross-correlation
%
%                      Default: 'SSD'
%
%                      Note: When FEATURES1 and FEATURES2 are binaryFeatures 
%                            objects, Hamming distance is used to compute
%                            the similarity metric.
%
%   'Prenormalized'    A logical scalar. Use true to indicate that FEATURES1
%                      and FEATURES2 are already normalized to unit vectors 
%                      prior to matching. Setting this flag to false will 
%                      result in normalizing FEATURES1 and FEATURES2. Note 
%                      that setting this flag to true when features are not 
%                      normalized in advance will produce wrong results. 
%                      This parameter is not applicable when FEATURES1 and 
%                      FEATURES2 are binaryFeatures objects.
%
%                      Default: false
%
%   Notes
%   ----- 
%   The range of values of MATCH_METRIC varies as a function of the feature
%   matching metric being used. Prior to computation of SAD and SSD
%   metrics, the feature vectors are normalized to unit vectors. The table
%   below summarizes the metric ranges and perfect match values:
%
%      Metric      Range                            Perfect Match Value
%      ----------  -------------------------------  ------------------- 
%      SAD         [0, 2*sqrt(size(FEATURES1, 1))]          0
%      SSD         [0, 4]                                   0
%      normxcorr   [-1, 1]                                  1
%
%      Hamming     [0, FEATURES1.NumBits]                   0
%
%   This function changed in the release R2012b. Previous versions
%   used a different matching strategy. If you need the same results 
%   produced by the previous implementation, use 
%   matchFeatures(FEATURES1, FEATURES2, 'Method', 'NearestNeighbor_old',...).
%   
%   Class Support
%   -------------
%   FEATURES1 and FEATURES2 can be logical, int8, uint8, int16, uint16,
%   int32, uint32, single, double, or binaryFeatures object.
%
%   The output class of INDEX_PAIRS is uint32. MATCH_METRIC is double when
%   FEATURES1 and FEATURES2 are double. Otherwise, it is single.
%
%   Example 1
%   ---------
%   % Find corresponding interest points between a pair of images using
%   % local neighborhoods.
%   I1 = rgb2gray(imread('viprectification_deskLeft.png'));
%   I2 = rgb2gray(imread('viprectification_deskRight.png'));
% 
%   % Find corners  
%   points1 = detectHarrisFeatures(I1);
%   points2 = detectHarrisFeatures(I2);
% 
%   % Extract neighborhood features
%   [features1, valid_points1] = extractFeatures(I1, points1);
%   [features2, valid_points2] = extractFeatures(I2, points2);
% 
%   % Match features
%   index_pairs = matchFeatures(features1, features2);
% 
%   % Retrieve locations of corresponding points for each image
%   matched_points1 = valid_points1(index_pairs(:, 1), :);
%   matched_points2 = valid_points2(index_pairs(:, 2), :);
% 
%   % Note that you can clearly see the effect of translation
%   % between the two images despite several erroneous matches.
%   figure; showMatchedFeatures(I1, I2, matched_points1, matched_points2);
%
%   Example 2
%   ---------
%   % Use SURF features to find corresponding points between two images
%   % rotated and scaled with respect to each other
%   I1 = imread('cameraman.tif');
%   I2 = imresize(imrotate(I1,-20), 1.2);
% 
%   points1 = detectSURFFeatures(I1);
%   points2 = detectSURFFeatures(I2);
% 
%   [f1, vpts1] = extractFeatures(I1, points1);
%   [f2, vpts2] = extractFeatures(I2, points2);
%         
%   % SURF feature vectors are already normalized.
%   index_pairs = matchFeatures(f1, f2, 'Prenormalized', true);
%   matched_pts1 = vpts1(index_pairs(:, 1));
%   matched_pts2 = vpts2(index_pairs(:, 2));
%   
%   % Note that there are still several outliers present in the data, but
%   % otherwise you can clearly see the effects of rotation and scaling on 
%   % the display of matched features.
%   figure; showMatchedFeatures(I1,I2,matched_pts1,matched_pts2);
%   legend('matched points 1','matched points 2');
%
% See also showMatchedFeatures, vision.CornerDetector, detectSURFFeatures,
%          detectMSERFeatures, extractFeatures, estimateFundamentalMatrix, 
%          estimateGeometricTransform, binaryFeatures.
 
%  Copyright 2011 The MathWorks, Inc.
%
%   We use the normalized cross-correlation as defined in this paper:
%   
%      "Fast Normalized Cross-Correlation", by J. P. Lewis, Industrial
%      Light & Magic.
%
%   We implement the nearest-neighbor ratio method as defined in
%   this paper:
%
%      David Lowe, "Distinctive image features from scale-invariant 
%      keypoints," International Journal of Computer Vision, 60, 2 (2004)
%
%   The three matching strategies are described in this paper:
%   
%      K. Mikolajczyk and C. Shmid, "A Performance Evaluation of Local 
%      Descriptors," IEEE PAMI, 27, 10 (2005)