select as 之后,列名还是原来的。
index
view
join
SQL 教程
比如有两种国家,三个条目,那么返回的就是两个国家(if you “select distinct country from table_name")
select * from customers where customername='jess’;//what I wrote in database was ‘Jess'
SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City=‘Berlin' OR City='München';
select city,customername from customers order by postalcode;//it works!
insert into customers values('6','Alfred Schmidt','Berguvsvägen 8','Hamburg','49552','Sweden’);
//promise me never use Chinese marks even if it’s ‘!!!
UPDATE table_name SET column1=value1 WHERE some_column=some_value;
DELETE FROM Customers WHERE CustomerName='Alfreds Futterkiste';
SQL 高级教程
//SELECT TOP 50 PERCENT * FROM Customers;
//SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City LIKE 's%’;
//以s开头==s%,以s结尾==%s
//SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City IN ('Paris','London');
//SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
//it’s select as!!!
SELECT City FROM Customers UNION SELECT City FROM Suppliers order by city
SELECT * INTO newtable [IN externaldb] FROM table1;
INSERT INTO table2 SELECT * FROM table1;
//the same as the above one
在 SQL 中,我们有如下约束:
- NOT NULL - 指示某列不能存储 NULL 值。
- UNIQUE - 保证某列的每行必须有唯一的值。
- PRIMARY KEY - NOT NULL 和 UNIQUE 的结合。确保某列(或两个列多个列的结合)有唯一标识,有助于更容易更快速地找到表中的一个特定的记录。
- FOREIGN KEY - 保证一个表中的数据匹配另一个表中的值的参照完整性。
- CHECK - 保证列中的值符合指定的条件。
- DEFAULT - 规定没有给列赋值时的默认值。
Creates a unique index on a table. Duplicate values are not allowed:
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name)
感觉不同的数据库上面drop的写法各有不同
ALTER TABLE 语句用于在已有的表中添加、删除或修改列。
SQL 函数
在 SQL 中增加 HAVING 子句原因是,WHERE 关键字无法与 Aggregate 函数一起使用。