【学习笔记】C++下的简单工厂模式（程杰-大话设计模式）

引入：利用C++、Java、C#或VB.NET任意一种面向对象语言实现一个计算器控制程序，要求输入两个数和运算符号，得到结果。

---

一、最粗糙实现版本（Calculator01）：

#include<iostream>
#include<string>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
	cout << "Please enter the first number:" << endl;
	double firstNumber;
	cin >> firstNumber;
	cout << "Please enter the Second number:" << endl;
	double secondNumber;
	cin >> secondNumber;
	cout << "Please select calculation method:  \'+ - * / \'" << endl;
	string method;
	cin >> method;

	if (method == "+")
	{
		cout << firstNumber + secondNumber << endl;
	}

	if (method == "-")
	{
		cout << firstNumber - secondNumber << endl;
	}

	if (method == "*")
	{
		cout << firstNumber * secondNumber << endl;
	}

	if (method == "/")
	{
		cout << firstNumber / secondNumber << endl;
	}
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

看似可以实现功能，但是存在以下问题：

1.多次使用if分支判断，让计算机做无用的判断；

2.如果输入了0的除数，或者输入了字符符号而不是数字，程序会出错。

---

二、针对上述问题改进版（Calculator02）:

#include<iostream>
#include<string>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
	cout << "Please enter the first number:" << endl;
	double firstNumber;
	cin >> firstNumber;
	cout << "Please enter the Second number:" << endl;
	double secondNumber;
	cin >> secondNumber;
	cout << "Please select calculation method:  \'+ - * / \'" << endl;
	char method;
	cin >> method;

	switch (method)
	{
	case '+':
		cout << firstNumber + secondNumber << endl;
		break;
	case '-':
		cout << firstNumber - secondNumber << endl;
		break;
	case '*':
		cout << firstNumber * secondNumber << endl;
		break;
	case '/':
		if (secondNumber != 0)
		{
			cout << firstNumber / secondNumber << endl;
			break;
		}
		else
		{
			cout << "Divisor cannot be 0." << endl;
			break;
		}
	default:
		break;
	}
	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

目前，虽然可以实现计算器的功能。但是没有用到面向对象的思想，只是一股脑在main函数中把所有的功能进行堆砌。代码复用性低。

---

三、类封装后的计算器（Calculator03）:

将业务逻辑与界面逻辑分开，降低之间的耦合度。将计算器类进行封装。

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class Calculator
{
public:
	Calculator() = default;
	~Calculator() = default;
	void getResult(double firstNum, double secondNum, char method)
	{
		switch (method)
		{
		case '+':
			cout << firstNum + secondNum << endl;
			break;
		case '-':
			cout << firstNum - secondNum << endl;
			break;
		case '*':
			cout << firstNum * secondNum << endl;
			break;
		case '/':
			if (secondNum != 0)
			{
				cout << firstNum / secondNum << endl;
				break;
			}
			else
			{
				cout << "Divisor cannot be 0." << endl;
				break;
			}
		default:
			break;
		}
	}

};

int main()
{

	cout << "Please enter the first number:" << endl;
	double firstNumber;
	cin >> firstNumber;
	cout << "Please enter the Second number:" << endl;
	double secondNumber;
	cin >> secondNumber;
	cout << "Please select calculation method:  \'+ - * / \'" << endl;
	char method;
	cin >> method;

	Calculator c;
	c.getResult(firstNumber, secondNumber, method);

	system("pause");
	
	return 0;
}

现在，完成了计算器类的封装。但是如果需要增加一种新的运算方法，就需要对Switch分支进行增删、修改。若是复杂的程序，大量的修改可能会产生错误。因此继续使用继承来优化计算器程序。

---

四、颗粒度更细的计算器（Calculator04）：

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class AbsCalculator
{
public:
	AbsCalculator() = default;
	~AbsCalculator() = default;
	
	virtual void calculateMethod(double firstnum, double secondNum){};

	void setFirstNum(double firstNum)
	{
		this->firstNum = firstNum;
	}
	double getFirstNum()
	{
		return this->firstNum;
	}

	void setSecondNum(double secondNum)
	{
		this->secondNum = secondNum;
	}
	double getSecondNum()
	{
		return this->secondNum;
	}
private:
	double firstNum;
	double secondNum;
};

class addCalculator : public AbsCalculator
{
public:
	void calculateMethod(double firstNum, double secondNum)
	{
		cout << firstNum + secondNum << endl;
	}
};

class subCalculator : public AbsCalculator
{
public:
	void calculateMethod(double firstNum, double secondNum)
	{
		cout << firstNum - secondNum << endl;
	}
};

class multiCalculator : public AbsCalculator
{
public:
	void calculateMethod(double firstNum, double secondNum)
	{
		cout << firstNum * secondNum << endl;
	}
};

class divCalculator : public AbsCalculator
{
public:
	void calculateMethod(double firstNum, double secondNum)
	{
		if (secondNum != 0)
		{
			cout << firstNum / secondNum << endl;
		}
		else
		{
			cout << "Divisor cannot be 0." << endl;
		}
	}
};

定义一个抽象的计算器类，它拥有一个虚的计算方法，需要在子类中重写。

子类分别定义为加法计算器、乘法计算器、减法计算、除法计算器，继承抽象的计算器类。再分别实现对应的计算方法。

那么如何才能调用对应功能的计算器呢（如何实例化对象）？

---

五、通过简单工厂类来实例化对象：

#include<iostream>
#include<string>

using namespace std;

//class AbsCalculator;
//class addCalculator;
//class subCalculator;
//class multiCalculator;
//class divCalculator;

class AbsCalculator
{
public:
	AbsCalculator() = default;
	~AbsCalculator() = default;

	virtual void calculateMethod(double firstnum, double secondNum) {};

	void setFirstNum(double firstNum)
	{
		this->firstNum = firstNum;
	}
	double getFirstNum()
	{
		return this->firstNum;
	}

	void setSecondNum(double secondNum)
	{
		this->secondNum = secondNum;
	}
	double getSecondNum()
	{
		return this->secondNum;
	}
private:
	double firstNum;
	double secondNum;
};

class addCalculator : public AbsCalculator
{
public:
	void calculateMethod(double firstNum, double secondNum)
	{
		cout << firstNum + secondNum << endl;
	}
};

class subCalculator : public AbsCalculator
{
public:
	void calculateMethod(double firstNum, double secondNum)
	{
		cout << firstNum - secondNum << endl;
	}
};

class multiCalculator : public AbsCalculator
{
public:
	void calculateMethod(double firstNum, double secondNum)
	{
		cout << firstNum * secondNum << endl;
	}
};

class divCalculator : public AbsCalculator
{
public:
	void calculateMethod(double firstNum, double secondNum)
	{
		if (secondNum != 0)
		{
			cout << firstNum / secondNum << endl;
		}
		else
		{
			cout << "Divisor cannot be 0." << endl;
		}
	}
};

class CalculatorFactory // 为什么使用前置声明不行？
{
public:
	AbsCalculator* calculator;
	// 根据不同的方法，“生产”不同的计算器
	AbsCalculator* productCalculator(char method)
	{
		switch (method)
		{
		case '+':
			calculator = new addCalculator;
			break;
		case '-':
			calculator = new subCalculator;
			break;
		case '*':
			calculator = new multiCalculator;
			break;
		case '/':
			calculator = new divCalculator;
			break;
		default:
			break;
		}
		return calculator; // 遗忘返回值
	}
};

void test()
{
	cout << "Please enter the first number:" << endl;
	double firstNumber;
	cin >> firstNumber;
	cout << "Please enter the Second number:" << endl;
	double secondNumber;
	cin >> secondNumber;
	cout << "Please select calculation method:  \'+ - * / \'" << endl;
	char method;
	cin >> method;

	AbsCalculator* calculator;
	CalculatorFactory calFactory;

	
	calculator = calFactory.productCalculator(method);
	calculator->setFirstNum(firstNumber);
	calculator->setSecondNum(secondNumber);
	calculator->calculateMethod(calculator->getFirstNum(), calculator->getSecondNum());
}

int main()
{
	int i = 0;
	while (i < 5)
	{
		test();
		i++;
	}
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

通过输入不同的运算符号，工厂类就能产生不同类型的计算器，就像工厂根据不同的生产订单来生产产品。

但是我也遇到一些问题，比如将工厂类定义在最初的位置，使用前置声明。仍然告诉我：[c2027] 使用了未定义类型。

参考资料：《大话设计模式》，作者：程杰