目录
TensorFlow 2.9的零零碎碎（二）-TensorFlow 2.9的零零碎碎（六）都是围绕使用TensorFlow 2.9在MNIST数据集上训练和评价模型来展开。
Python环境3.8。
代码调试都用的PyCharm。
tf.keras.models.Sequential
tf.keras.models.Sequential的定义在keras.engine.sequential模块下的Sequential类中。
tf.keras.layers的定义在keras.engine.xx或者keras.layers.xx中实现。
Sequential类的源码比较多，贴在文章的最后。
注意以下两种写法等效
model = tf.keras.models.Sequential()
model = tf.keras.Sequential()一般我们见到的构建模型写法
import tensorflow as tf
model = tf.keras.models.Sequential()
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Flatten(input_shape=(28, 28)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(128, activation='relu'))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.2))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax'))或者
import tensorflow as tf
model = tf.keras.models.Sequential()
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Input(shape=(28, 28)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Flatten())
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(128, activation='relu'))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.2))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax'))断点调试
可以看到model对象里有一个input_shape，就是我们指定的28*28，还有一个layers，包含了添加的四层
TensorFlow官网构建模型的写法
import tensorflow as tf
model = tf.keras.models.Sequential([
tf.keras.layers.Flatten(input_shape=(28, 28)),
tf.keras.layers.Dense(128, activation='relu'),
tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.2),
tf.keras.layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax')
])上述代码没有调用add方法，而是在Sequential类初始化的时候直接将层的列表作为一个参数传了进去
以下是Sequential类__init__方法的代码。可以看出__init__方法有两个参数，layers和name，默认是None。
@tf.__internal__.tracking.no_automatic_dependency_tracking
@traceback_utils.filter_traceback
def __init__(self, layers=None, name=None):
"""Creates a `Sequential` model instance.
Args:
layers: Optional list of layers to add to the model.
name: Optional name for the model.
"""
# Skip the init in FunctionalModel since model doesn't have input/output yet
super(functional.Functional, self).__init__( # pylint: disable=bad-super-call
name=name, autocast=False)
base_layer.keras_api_gauge.get_cell('Sequential').set(True)
self.supports_masking = True
self._compute_output_and_mask_jointly = True
self._auto_track_sub_layers = False
self._inferred_input_shape = None
self._has_explicit_input_shape = False
self._input_dtype = None
self._layer_call_argspecs = {}
self._created_nodes = set()
# Flag that indicate whether the sequential network topology has been
# created. It is false when there isn't any layer, or the layers don't
# have an input shape.
self._graph_initialized = False
# Unfortunately some Sequential models using custom layers or FeatureColumn
# layers have multiple inputs. This is fundamentally incompatible with
# most of the Sequential API, and we have to disable a number of features
# for such models.
self._use_legacy_deferred_behavior = False
# Add to the model any layers passed to the constructor.
if layers:
if not isinstance(layers, (list, tuple)):
layers = [layers]
for layer in layers:
self.add(layer)在方法的末尾可以看到如下代码。处理传入的层列表的代码就在这里，可以看到，最终还是调用的add方法，和一般我们见到的构建模型写法其实殊途同归
# Add to the model any layers passed to the constructor.
if layers:
if not isinstance(layers, (list, tuple)):
layers = [layers]
for layer in layers:
self.add(layer)Sequential类的源码
# Copyright 2015 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# ==============================================================================
# pylint: disable=protected-access
"""Home of the `Sequential` model."""
import tensorflow.compat.v2 as tf
import copy
from keras import layers as layer_module
from keras.engine import base_layer
from keras.engine import functional
from keras.engine import input_layer
from keras.engine import training_utils
from keras.saving.saved_model import model_serialization
from keras.utils import generic_utils
from keras.utils import layer_utils
from keras.utils import tf_inspect
from keras.utils import tf_utils
from keras.utils import traceback_utils
from tensorflow.python.platform import tf_logging as logging
from tensorflow.python.util.tf_export import keras_export
SINGLE_LAYER_OUTPUT_ERROR_MSG = ('All layers in a Sequential model should have '
'a single output tensor. For multi-output '
'layers, use the functional API.')
@keras_export('keras.Sequential', 'keras.models.Sequential')
class Sequential(functional.Functional):
"""`Sequential` groups a linear stack of layers into a `tf.keras.Model`.
`Sequential` provides training and inference features on this model.
Examples:
```python
# Optionally, the first layer can receive an `input_shape` argument:
model = tf.keras.Sequential()
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(8, input_shape=(16,)))
# Afterwards, we do automatic shape inference:
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(4))
# This is identical to the following:
model = tf.keras.Sequential()
model.add(tf.keras.Input(shape=(16,)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(8))
# Note that you can also omit the `input_shape` argument.
# In that case the model doesn't have any weights until the first call
# to a training/evaluation method (since it isn't yet built):
model = tf.keras.Sequential()
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(8))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(4))
# model.weights not created yet
# Whereas if you specify the input shape, the model gets built
# continuously as you are adding layers:
model = tf.keras.Sequential()
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(8, input_shape=(16,)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(4))
len(model.weights)
# Returns "4"
# When using the delayed-build pattern (no input shape specified), you can
# choose to manually build your model by calling
# `build(batch_input_shape)`:
model = tf.keras.Sequential()
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(8))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(4))
model.build((None, 16))
len(model.weights)
# Returns "4"
# Note that when using the delayed-build pattern (no input shape specified),
# the model gets built the first time you call `fit`, `eval`, or `predict`,
# or the first time you call the model on some input data.
model = tf.keras.Sequential()
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(8))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(1))
model.compile(optimizer='sgd', loss='mse')
# This builds the model for the first time:
model.fit(x, y, batch_size=32, epochs=10)
```
"""
@tf.__internal__.tracking.no_automatic_dependency_tracking
@traceback_utils.filter_traceback
def __init__(self, layers=None, name=None):
"""Creates a `Sequential` model instance.
Args:
layers: Optional list of layers to add to the model.
name: Optional name for the model.
"""
# Skip the init in FunctionalModel since model doesn't have input/output yet
super(functional.Functional, self).__init__( # pylint: disable=bad-super-call
name=name, autocast=False)
base_layer.keras_api_gauge.get_cell('Sequential').set(True)
self.supports_masking = True
self._compute_output_and_mask_jointly = True
self._auto_track_sub_layers = False
self._inferred_input_shape = None
self._has_explicit_input_shape = False
self._input_dtype = None
self._layer_call_argspecs = {}
self._created_nodes = set()
# Flag that indicate whether the sequential network topology has been
# created. It is false when there isn't any layer, or the layers don't
# have an input shape.
self._graph_initialized = False
# Unfortunately some Sequential models using custom layers or FeatureColumn
# layers have multiple inputs. This is fundamentally incompatible with
# most of the Sequential API, and we have to disable a number of features
# for such models.
self._use_legacy_deferred_behavior = False
# Add to the model any layers passed to the constructor.
if layers:
if not isinstance(layers, (list, tuple)):
layers = [layers]
for layer in layers:
self.add(layer)
@property
def layers(self):
# Historically, `sequential.layers` only returns layers that were added
# via `add`, and omits the auto-generated `InputLayer` that comes at the
# bottom of the stack.
# `Trackable` manages the `_layers` attributes and does filtering
# over it.
layers = super(Sequential, self).layers
if layers and isinstance(layers[0], input_layer.InputLayer):
return layers[1:]
return layers[:]
@tf.__internal__.tracking.no_automatic_dependency_tracking
@traceback_utils.filter_traceback
def add(self, layer):
"""Adds a layer instance on top of the layer stack.
Args:
layer: layer instance.
Raises:
TypeError: If `layer` is not a layer instance.
ValueError: In case the `layer` argument does not
know its input shape.
ValueError: In case the `layer` argument has
multiple output tensors, or is already connected
somewhere else (forbidden in `Sequential` models).
"""
# If we are passed a Keras tensor created by keras.Input(), we can extract
# the input layer from its keras history and use that without any loss of
# generality.
if hasattr(layer, '_keras_history'):
origin_layer = layer._keras_history[0]
if isinstance(origin_layer, input_layer.InputLayer):
layer = origin_layer
if isinstance(layer, tf.Module):
if not isinstance(layer, base_layer.Layer):
layer = functional.ModuleWrapper(layer)
else:
raise TypeError('The added layer must be an instance of class Layer. '
f'Received: layer={layer} of type {type(layer)}.')
tf_utils.assert_no_legacy_layers([layer])
if not self._is_layer_name_unique(layer):
raise ValueError(
'All layers added to a Sequential model '
f'should have unique names. Name "{layer.name}" is already the name '
'of a layer in this model. Update the `name` argument '
'to pass a unique name.')
self.built = False
set_inputs = False
self._maybe_create_attribute('_self_tracked_trackables', [])
if not self._self_tracked_trackables:
if isinstance(layer, input_layer.InputLayer):
# Case where the user passes an Input or InputLayer layer via `add`.
set_inputs = True
else:
batch_shape, dtype = training_utils.get_input_shape_and_dtype(layer)
if batch_shape:
# Instantiate an input layer.
x = input_layer.Input(
batch_shape=batch_shape, dtype=dtype, name=layer.name + '_input')
# This will build the current layer
# and create the node connecting the current layer
# to the input layer we just created.
layer(x)
set_inputs = True
if set_inputs:
outputs = tf.nest.flatten(layer._inbound_nodes[-1].outputs)
if len(outputs) != 1:
raise ValueError(SINGLE_LAYER_OUTPUT_ERROR_MSG)
self.outputs = outputs
self.inputs = layer_utils.get_source_inputs(self.outputs[0])
self.built = True
self._has_explicit_input_shape = True
elif self.outputs:
# If the model is being built continuously on top of an input layer:
# refresh its output.
output_tensor = layer(self.outputs[0])
if len(tf.nest.flatten(output_tensor)) != 1:
raise ValueError(SINGLE_LAYER_OUTPUT_ERROR_MSG)
self.outputs = [output_tensor]
self.built = True
if set_inputs or self._graph_initialized:
self._init_graph_network(self.inputs, self.outputs)
self._graph_initialized = True
else:
self._self_tracked_trackables.append(layer)
self._handle_deferred_layer_dependencies([layer])
self._layer_call_argspecs[layer] = tf_inspect.getfullargspec(layer.call)
@tf.__internal__.tracking.no_automatic_dependency_tracking
@traceback_utils.filter_traceback
def pop(self):
"""Removes the last layer in the model.
Raises:
TypeError: if there are no layers in the model.
"""
if not self.layers:
raise TypeError('There are no layers in the model.')
layer = self._self_tracked_trackables.pop()
self._layer_call_argspecs.pop(layer)
if not self.layers:
self.outputs = None
self.inputs = None
self.built = False
self._inferred_input_shape = None
self._has_explicit_input_shape = False
self._graph_initialized = False
elif self._graph_initialized:
self.layers[-1]._outbound_nodes = []
self.outputs = [self.layers[-1].output]
self._init_graph_network(self.inputs, self.outputs)
self.built = True
@tf.__internal__.tracking.no_automatic_dependency_tracking
def _build_graph_network_for_inferred_shape(self,
input_shape,
input_dtype=None):
if input_shape is None or not self.layers:
return
if not tf.__internal__.tf2.enabled() or not tf.compat.v1.executing_eagerly_outside_functions():
# This behavior is disabled in V1 or when eager execution is disabled.
return
if (not self._has_explicit_input_shape and
not self._use_legacy_deferred_behavior):
# Determine whether the input shape is novel, i.e. whether the model
# should be rebuilt.
input_shape = tuple(input_shape)
if self._inferred_input_shape is None:
new_shape = input_shape
else:
new_shape = relax_input_shape(self._inferred_input_shape, input_shape)
if (new_shape is not None and new_shape != self._inferred_input_shape):
# A novel shape has been received: we need to rebuild the model.
# In case we are inside a graph function, we step out of it.
with tf.init_scope():
inputs = input_layer.Input(
batch_shape=new_shape,
dtype=input_dtype,
name=self.layers[0].name + '_input')
layer_input = inputs
created_nodes = set()
for layer in self.layers:
# Clear nodes previously created via this method. This prevents
# node accumulation and ensures that e.g. `layer.output` is
# always connected to `model.inputs`
# (this is important e.g. for the feature extraction use case).
# We don't just do `layer._inbound_nodes = []` in order
# not to break shared layers added to Sequential models (which is
# technically illegal as per the `add()` docstring,
# but wasn't previously disabled).
clear_previously_created_nodes(layer, self._created_nodes)
try:
# Create Functional API connection by calling the current layer
layer_output = layer(layer_input)
except: # pylint:disable=bare-except
# Functional API calls may fail for a number of reasons:
# 1) The layer may be buggy. In this case it will be easier for
# the user to debug if we fail on the first call on concrete data,
# instead of our own call on a symbolic input.
# 2) The layer is dynamic (graph-incompatible) and hasn't
# overridden `compute_output_shape`. In this case, it is
# impossible to build a graph network.
# 3) The layer is otherwise incompatible with the Functional API
# (e.g. this is the case for some probabilistic layers that rely
# on hacks and that do not return tensors).
# In all these cases, we should avoid creating a graph network
# (or we simply can't).
self._use_legacy_deferred_behavior = True
return
if len(tf.nest.flatten(layer_output)) != 1:
raise ValueError(SINGLE_LAYER_OUTPUT_ERROR_MSG)
# Keep track of nodes just created above
track_nodes_created_by_last_call(layer, created_nodes)
layer_input = layer_output
outputs = layer_output
self._created_nodes = created_nodes
try:
# Initialize a graph Network. This call will never fail for
# a stack of valid Keras layers.
# However some users have layers that are fundamentally incompatible
# with the Functional API, which do not return tensors. In this
# case, we fall back to the legacy deferred behavior.
# TODO(fchollet): consider raising here, as we should not be
# supporting such layers.
self._init_graph_network(inputs, outputs)
self._graph_initialized = True
except: # pylint:disable=bare-except
self._use_legacy_deferred_behavior = True
self._inferred_input_shape = new_shape
@generic_utils.default
def build(self, input_shape=None):
if self._graph_initialized:
self._init_graph_network(self.inputs, self.outputs)
else:
if input_shape is None:
raise ValueError('You must provide an `input_shape` argument.')
self._build_graph_network_for_inferred_shape(input_shape)
if not self.built:
input_shape = tuple(input_shape)
self._build_input_shape = input_shape
super(Sequential, self).build(input_shape)
self.built = True
def call(self, inputs, training=None, mask=None): # pylint: disable=redefined-outer-name
# If applicable, update the static input shape of the model.
if not self._has_explicit_input_shape:
if not tf.is_tensor(inputs) and not isinstance(
inputs, tf.Tensor):
# This is a Sequential with multiple inputs. This is technically an
# invalid use case of Sequential, but we tolerate it for backwards
# compatibility.
self._use_legacy_deferred_behavior = True
self._build_input_shape = tf.nest.map_structure(
_get_shape_tuple, inputs)
if tf.__internal__.tf2.enabled():
logging.warning('Layers in a Sequential model should only have a '
f'single input tensor. Received: inputs={inputs}. '
'Consider rewriting this model with the Functional '
'API.')
else:
self._build_graph_network_for_inferred_shape(inputs.shape, inputs.dtype)
if self._graph_initialized:
if not self.built:
self._init_graph_network(self.inputs, self.outputs)
return super(Sequential, self).call(inputs, training=training, mask=mask)
outputs = inputs # handle the corner case where self.layers is empty
for layer in self.layers:
# During each iteration, `inputs` are the inputs to `layer`, and `outputs`
# are the outputs of `layer` applied to `inputs`. At the end of each
# iteration `inputs` is set to `outputs` to prepare for the next layer.
kwargs = {}
argspec = self._layer_call_argspecs[layer].args
if 'mask' in argspec:
kwargs['mask'] = mask
if 'training' in argspec:
kwargs['training'] = training
outputs = layer(inputs, **kwargs)
if len(tf.nest.flatten(outputs)) != 1:
raise ValueError(SINGLE_LAYER_OUTPUT_ERROR_MSG)
# `outputs` will be the inputs to the next layer.
inputs = outputs
mask = getattr(outputs, '_keras_mask', None)
return outputs
def compute_output_shape(self, input_shape):
shape = input_shape
for layer in self.layers:
shape = layer.compute_output_shape(shape)
return shape
def compute_mask(self, inputs, mask):
# TODO(omalleyt): b/123540974 This function is not really safe to call
# by itself because it will duplicate any updates and losses in graph
# mode by `call`ing the Layers again.
outputs = self.call(inputs, mask=mask) # pylint: disable=unexpected-keyword-arg
return getattr(outputs, '_keras_mask', None)
def get_config(self):
layer_configs = []
for layer in super(Sequential, self).layers:
# `super().layers` include the InputLayer if available (it is filtered out
# of `self.layers`). Note that `self._self_tracked_trackables` is managed
# by the tracking infrastructure and should not be used.
layer_configs.append(generic_utils.serialize_keras_object(layer))
config = {
'name': self.name,
'layers': copy.deepcopy(layer_configs)
}
if not self._is_graph_network and self._build_input_shape is not None:
config['build_input_shape'] = self._build_input_shape
return config
@classmethod
def from_config(cls, config, custom_objects=None):
if 'name' in config:
name = config['name']
build_input_shape = config.get('build_input_shape')
layer_configs = config['layers']
else:
name = None
build_input_shape = None
layer_configs = config
model = cls(name=name)
for layer_config in layer_configs:
layer = layer_module.deserialize(layer_config,
custom_objects=custom_objects)
model.add(layer)
if (not model.inputs and build_input_shape and
isinstance(build_input_shape, (tuple, list))):
model.build(build_input_shape)
return model
@property
def input_spec(self):
if hasattr(self, '_manual_input_spec'):
return self._manual_input_spec
if self._has_explicit_input_shape:
return super().input_spec
return None
@input_spec.setter
def input_spec(self, value):
self._manual_input_spec = value
@property
def _trackable_saved_model_saver(self):
return model_serialization.SequentialSavedModelSaver(self)
def _is_layer_name_unique(self, layer):
for ref_layer in self.layers:
if layer.name == ref_layer.name and ref_layer is not layer:
return False
return True
def _assert_weights_created(self):
if self._graph_initialized:
return
# When the graph has not been initialized, use the Model's implementation to
# to check if the weights has been created.
super(functional.Functional, self)._assert_weights_created() # pylint: disable=bad-super-call
def _get_shape_tuple(t):
if hasattr(t, 'shape'):
shape = t.shape
if isinstance(shape, tuple):
return shape
if shape.rank is not None:
return tuple(shape.as_list())
return None
return None
def relax_input_shape(shape_1, shape_2):
if shape_1 is None or shape_2 is None:
return None
if len(shape_1) != len(shape_2):
return None
return tuple(None if d1 != d2 else d1 for d1, d2 in zip(shape_1, shape_2))
def clear_previously_created_nodes(layer, created_nodes):
"""Remove nodes from `created_nodes` from the layer's inbound_nodes."""
for node in layer._inbound_nodes:
prev_layers = node.inbound_layers
for prev_layer in tf.nest.flatten(prev_layers):
prev_layer._outbound_nodes = [
n for n in prev_layer._outbound_nodes
if n not in created_nodes]
layer._inbound_nodes = [
n for n in layer._inbound_nodes if n not in created_nodes]
def track_nodes_created_by_last_call(layer, created_nodes):
"""Adds to `created_nodes` the nodes created by the last call to `layer`."""
if not layer._inbound_nodes:
return
created_nodes.add(layer._inbound_nodes[-1])
prev_layers = layer._inbound_nodes[-1].inbound_layers
for prev_layer in tf.nest.flatten(prev_layers):
if prev_layer._outbound_nodes:
created_nodes.add(prev_layer._outbound_nodes[-1])
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