EncNet全名Context Encoding Network，收录于CVPR2018。
原文地址：EncNet。
EncNet主要思想参考于作者的另一篇文章，Deep TEN: Texture Encoding Network。关于这篇文章的介绍可以参考纹理识别--(Deep TEN)Deep TEN: Texture Encoding Network。
关于EncNet的介绍可以参考语义分割--(EncNet)Context Encoding for Semantic Segmentation。
本文以复现EncNet为主。
EncNet思想
1. 论文引入了Context Encoding Module（上下文编码模块）来捕捉全局信息的上下文信息，尤其是与场景相关联的类别信息。参考了CAnet，实现了一个通道注意力机制，预测一组特征图的放缩因子作为循环用于突出需要强调的类别。
2.引入了SE loss来实现对场景内类别的关注，相当于给模型一个先验知识，比如先告诉模型这张图片的背景是卧室，卧室里面只会存在床、枕头、桌子等，而不会出现飞机、汽车，强制模型去学习某个场景内包含的类别。
EncNet模型
个人的理解是，EncNet通过通道注意力和SE loss两个trick来增加模型对上下文语义的理解。
1.通过计算每个通道的缩放因子，来突出类别和类别相关的特征图，实现一个类似于通道注意力的机制。
2.SE loss迫使模型学习每个场景内可能会出现的类别，为模型提供一个先验知识。同时，文章中提到，SE loss对于不同大小的物体目标的计算方式是等同的，不同于像素级别的损失，SE loss根据个体的类别来计算，这就使大物体和小物体在loss的贡献上相同，这种loss有利于小目标的分割。
文章中还对backbone网络做了一部分改动，将backbone的最后两层网络的空洞卷积速率设为2和4。在第三层和第四层均可以输出一个SE loss。
模型复现
backbone-resnet50
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
class BasicBlock(nn.Module):
expansion: int = 4
def __init__(self, inplanes, planes, stride = 1, downsample = None, groups = 1,
base_width = 64, dilation = 1, norm_layer = None):
super(BasicBlock, self).__init__()
if norm_layer is None:
norm_layer = nn.BatchNorm2d
if groups != 1 or base_width != 64:
raise ValueError("BasicBlock only supports groups=1 and base_width=64")
if dilation > 1:
raise NotImplementedError("Dilation > 1 not supported in BasicBlock")
# Both self.conv1 and self.downsample layers downsample the input when stride != 1
self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(inplanes, planes ,kernel_size=3, stride=stride,
padding=dilation,groups=groups, bias=False,dilation=dilation)
self.bn1 = norm_layer(planes)
self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(planes, planes ,kernel_size=3, stride=stride,
padding=dilation,groups=groups, bias=False,dilation=dilation)
self.bn2 = norm_layer(planes)
self.downsample = downsample
self.stride = stride
def forward(self, x):
identity = x
out = self.conv1(x)
out = self.bn1(out)
out = self.relu(out)
out = self.conv2(out)
out = self.bn2(out)
if self.downsample is not None:
identity = self.downsample(x)
out += identity
out = self.relu(out)
return out
class Bottleneck(nn.Module):
expansion = 4
def __init__(self, inplanes, planes, stride=1, downsample= None,
groups = 1, base_width = 64, dilation = 1, norm_layer = None,):
super(Bottleneck, self).__init__()
if norm_layer is None:
norm_layer = nn.BatchNorm2d
width = int(planes * (base_width / 64.0)) * groups
# Both self.conv2 and self.downsample layers downsample the input when stride != 1
self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(inplanes, width, kernel_size=1, stride=1, bias=False)
self.bn1 = norm_layer(width)
self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(width, width, kernel_size=3, stride=stride, bias=False, padding=dilation, dilation=dilation)
self.bn2 = norm_layer(width)
self.conv3 = nn.Conv2d(width, planes * self.expansion, kernel_size=1, stride=1, bias=False)
self.bn3 = norm_layer(planes * self.expansion)
self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
self.downsample = downsample
self.stride = stride
def forward(self, x):
identity = x
out = self.conv1(x)
out = self.bn1(out)
out = self.relu(out)
out = self.conv2(out)
out = self.bn2(out)
out = self.relu(out)
out = self.conv3(out)
out = self.bn3(out)
if self.downsample is not None:
identity = self.downsample(x)
out += identity
out = self.relu(out)
return out
class ResNet(nn.Module):
def __init__(
self,block, layers,num_classes = 1000, zero_init_residual = False, groups = 1,
width_per_group = 64, replace_stride_with_dilation = None, norm_layer = None):
super(ResNet, self).__init__()
if norm_layer is None:
norm_layer = nn.BatchNorm2d
self._norm_layer = norm_layer
self.inplanes = 64
self.dilation = 1
if replace_stride_with_dilation is None:
# each element in the tuple indicates if we should replace
# the 2x2 stride with a dilated convolution instead
replace_stride_with_dilation = [False, False, False]
if len(replace_stride_with_dilation) != 3:
raise ValueError(
"replace_stride_with_dilation should be None "
f"or a 3-element tuple, got {replace_stride_with_dilation}"
)
self.groups = groups
self.base_width = width_per_group
self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(3, self.inplanes, kernel_size=7, stride=2, padding=3, bias=False)
self.bn1 = norm_layer(self.inplanes)
self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
self.maxpool = nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1)
self.layer1 = self._make_layer(block, 64, layers[0])
self.layer2 = self._make_layer(block, 128, layers[1], stride=1, dilate=replace_stride_with_dilation[0])
self.layer3 = self._make_layer(block, 256, layers[2], stride=2, dilate=replace_stride_with_dilation[1])
self.layer4 = self._make_layer(block, 512, layers[3], stride=1, dilate=replace_stride_with_dilation[2])
self.avgpool = nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d((1, 1))
self.fc = nn.Linear(512 * block.expansion, num_classes)
for m in self.modules():
if isinstance(m, nn.Conv2d):
nn.init.kaiming_normal_(m.weight, mode="fan_out", nonlinearity="relu")
elif isinstance(m, (nn.BatchNorm2d, nn.GroupNorm)):
nn.init.constant_(m.weight, 1)
nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0)
# Zero-initialize the last BN in each residual branch,
# so that the residual branch starts with zeros, and each residual block behaves like an identity.
# This improves the model by 0.2~0.3% according to https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.02677
if zero_init_residual:
for m in self.modules():
if isinstance(m, Bottleneck):
nn.init.constant_(m.bn3.weight, 0) # type: ignore[arg-type]
elif isinstance(m, BasicBlock):
nn.init.constant_(m.bn2.weight, 0) # type: ignore[arg-type]
def _make_layer(
self,
block,
planes,
blocks,
stride = 1,
dilate = False,
):
norm_layer = self._norm_layer
downsample = None
previous_dilation = self.dilation
if dilate:
self.dilation *= stride
stride = stride
if stride != 1 or self.inplanes != planes * block.expansion:
downsample = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(self.inplanes, planes * block.expansion, kernel_size=1, stride=stride, bias=False),
norm_layer(planes * block.expansion))
layers = []
layers.append(
block(
self.inplanes, planes, stride, downsample, self.groups, self.base_width, previous_dilation, norm_layer
)
)
self.inplanes = planes * block.expansion
for _ in range(1, blocks):
layers.append(
block(
self.inplanes,
planes,
groups=self.groups,
base_width=self.base_width,
dilation=self.dilation,
norm_layer=norm_layer,
)
)
return nn.Sequential(*layers)
def _forward_impl(self, x):
outs = []
x = self.conv1(x)
x = self.bn1(x)
x = self.relu(x)
x = self.maxpool(x)
x = self.layer1(x)
outs.append(x)
x = self.layer2(x)
outs.append(x)
x = self.layer3(x)
outs.append(x)
x = self.layer4(x)
outs.append(x)
return outs
def forward(self, x) :
return self._forward_impl(x)
def _resnet(block, layers, pretrained_path = None, **kwargs,):
model = ResNet(block, layers, **kwargs)
if pretrained_path is not None:
model.load_state_dict(torch.load(pretrained_path), strict=False)
return model
def resnet50(pretrained_path=None, **kwargs):
return ResNet._resnet(Bottleneck, [3, 4, 6, 3],pretrained_path,**kwargs)
def resnet101(pretrained_path=None, **kwargs):
return ResNet._resnet(Bottleneck, [3, 4, 23, 3],pretrained_path,**kwargs)EncNet
Encoding层
import torch
from torch import nn as nn
from torch.nn import functional as F
class Encoding(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, channels, num_codes):
super(Encoding, self).__init__()
# init codewords and smoothing factor
self.channels, self.num_codes = channels, num_codes
std = 1. / ((num_codes * channels)**0.5)
# [num_codes, channels]
self.codewords = nn.Parameter(
torch.empty(num_codes, channels,
dtype=torch.float).uniform_(-std, std),
requires_grad=True)
# [num_codes]
self.scale = nn.Parameter(
torch.empty(num_codes, dtype=torch.float).uniform_(-1, 0),
requires_grad=True)
def scaled_l2(self, x, codewords, scale):
num_codes, channels = codewords.size()
batch_size = x.size(0)
reshaped_scale = scale.view((1, 1, num_codes))
expanded_x = x.unsqueeze(2).expand(
(batch_size, x.size(1), num_codes, channels))
reshaped_codewords = codewords.view((1, 1, num_codes, channels))
scaled_l2_norm = reshaped_scale * (
expanded_x - reshaped_codewords).pow(2).sum(dim=3)
return scaled_l2_norm
def aggregate(self, assigment_weights, x, codewords):
num_codes, channels = codewords.size()
reshaped_codewords = codewords.view((1, 1, num_codes, channels))
batch_size = x.size(0)
expanded_x = x.unsqueeze(2).expand(
(batch_size, x.size(1), num_codes, channels))
encoded_feat = (assigment_weights.unsqueeze(3) *
(expanded_x - reshaped_codewords)).sum(dim=1)
return encoded_feat
def forward(self, x):
assert x.dim() == 4 and x.size(1) == self.channels
# [batch_size, channels, height, width]
batch_size = x.size(0)
# [batch_size, height x width, channels]
x = x.view(batch_size, self.channels, -1).transpose(1, 2).contiguous()
# assignment_weights: [batch_size, channels, num_codes]
assigment_weights = F.softmax(self.scaled_l2(x, self.codewords, self.scale), dim=2)
# aggregate
#print("assigment_weights:",assigment_weights.shape)
encoded_feat = self.aggregate(assigment_weights, x, self.codewords)
#print("encoded_feat1:",encoded_feat.shape)
return encoded_feat
def __repr__(self):
repr_str = self.__class__.__name__
repr_str += f'(Nx{self.channels}xHxW =>Nx{self.num_codes}' \
f'x{self.channels})'
return repr_str
EncNet部分
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
class EncModule(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, in_channels, num_codes):
super(EncModule, self).__init__()
self.encoding_project = nn.Conv2d(
in_channels,
in_channels,
1,
)
# TODO: resolve this hack
# change to 1d
self.encoding = nn.Sequential(
Encoding(channels=in_channels, num_codes=num_codes),
nn.BatchNorm1d(num_codes),
nn.ReLU(inplace=True))
self.fc = nn.Sequential(
nn.Linear(in_channels, in_channels), nn.Sigmoid())
def forward(self, x):
"""Forward function."""
encoding_projection = self.encoding_project(x)
encoding_feat = self.encoding(encoding_projection).mean(dim=1)
#print("encoding_feat2: ",encoding_feat.shape)
batch_size, channels, _, _ = x.size()
gamma = self.fc(encoding_feat)
y = gamma.view(batch_size, channels, 1, 1)
output = F.relu_(x + x * y)
return encoding_feat, output
class EncHead(nn.Module):
def __init__(self,num_classes=33,
num_codes=32,
use_se_loss=True,
add_lateral=False,
**kwargs):
super(EncHead, self).__init__()
self.use_se_loss = use_se_loss
self.add_lateral = add_lateral
self.num_codes = num_codes
self.in_channels = [256, 512, 1024, 2048]
self.channels = 512
self.num_classes = num_classes
self.bottleneck = nn.Conv2d(
self.in_channels[-1],
self.channels,
3,
padding=1,
)
if add_lateral:
self.lateral_convs = nn.ModuleList()
for in_channels in self.in_channels[:-1]: # skip the last one
self.lateral_convs.append(
nn.Conv2d(
in_channels,
self.channels,
1,
))
self.fusion = nn.Conv2d(
len(self.in_channels) * self.channels,
self.channels,
3,
padding=1,
)
self.enc_module = EncModule(
self.channels,
num_codes=num_codes,
)
self.cls_seg = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(512, 256, 3, padding=1),
nn.BatchNorm2d(256),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(256, 33, 3, padding=1)
)
if self.use_se_loss:
self.se_layer = nn.Linear(self.channels, self.num_classes)
def forward(self, inputs):
"""Forward function."""
feat = self.bottleneck(inputs[-1])
if self.add_lateral:
laterals = [
nn.functional.interpolate(input=lateral_conv(inputs[i]),size=feat.shape[2:],
mode='bilinear')
for i, lateral_conv in enumerate(self.lateral_convs)
]
feat = self.fusion(torch.cat([feat, *laterals], 1))
encode_feat, output = self.enc_module(feat)
output = nn.functional.interpolate(input = output, scale_factor=8, mode="bilinear")
output = self.cls_seg(output)
if self.use_se_loss:
se_output = self.se_layer(encode_feat)
return output, se_output
else:
return output
class ENCNet(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, num_classes):
super(ENCNet, self).__init__()
self.num_classes = num_classes
self.backbone = ResNet.resnet50()
self.decoder = EncHead()
def forward(self, x):
x = self.backbone(x)
x = self.decoder(x)
return x数据集-Camvid
数据集下载及使用教程见：语义分割数据集：CamVid数据集的创建和使用-pytorch
# 导入库
import os
os.environ['CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES'] = '0'
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
import torch.nn.functional as F
from torch import optim
from torch.utils.data import Dataset, DataLoader, random_split
from tqdm import tqdm
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
import os.path as osp
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from PIL import Image
import numpy as np
import albumentations as A
from albumentations.pytorch.transforms import ToTensorV2
#用于做可视化, 暂时没用到
Cam_COLORMAP = [[0, 0, 0], [128, 0, 0], [0, 128, 0], [128, 128, 0],
[0, 0, 128], [128, 0, 128], [0, 128, 128], [128, 128, 128],
[64, 0, 0], [192, 0, 0], [64, 128, 0], [192, 128, 0],
[64, 0, 128], [192, 0, 128], [64, 128, 128], [192, 128, 128],
[0, 64, 0], [128, 64, 0], [0, 192, 0], [128, 192, 0],
[0, 64, 128], [0, 32, 128],[0, 16, 128],[0, 64, 64],[0, 64, 32],
[0, 64, 16],[64, 64, 128],[0, 32, 16],[32,32,32],[16,16,16],[32,16,128],
[192,16,16],[32,32,196],[192,32,128], [25,15,125],[32,124,23],[111,222,113],
]
#32类
Cam_CLASSES = ['Animal','Archway','Bicyclist','Bridge','Building','Car','CartLuggagePram','Child',
'Column_Pole','Fence','LaneMkgsDriv','LaneMkgsNonDriv','Misc_Text','MotorcycleScooter',
'OtherMoving','ParkingBlock','Pedestrian','Road','RoadShoulder','Sidewalk','SignSymbol',
'Sky', 'SUVPickupTruck','TrafficCone','TrafficLight', 'Train','Tree','Truck_Bus', 'Tunnel',
'VegetationMisc', 'Void','Wall']
torch.manual_seed(17)
# 自定义数据集CamVidDataset
class CamVidDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
"""CamVid Dataset. Read images, apply augmentation and preprocessing transformations.
Args:
images_dir (str): path to images folder
masks_dir (str): path to segmentation masks folder
class_values (list): values of classes to extract from segmentation mask
augmentation (albumentations.Compose): data transfromation pipeline
(e.g. flip, scale, etc.)
preprocessing (albumentations.Compose): data preprocessing
(e.g. noralization, shape manipulation, etc.)
"""
def __init__(self, images_dir, masks_dir):
self.transform = A.Compose([
A.Resize(224, 224),
A.HorizontalFlip(),
A.VerticalFlip(),
A.Normalize(),
ToTensorV2(),
])
self.ids = os.listdir(images_dir)
self.images_fps = [os.path.join(images_dir, image_id) for image_id in self.ids]
self.masks_fps = [os.path.join(masks_dir, image_id) for image_id in self.ids]
def __getitem__(self, i):
# read data
image = np.array(Image.open(self.images_fps[i]).convert('RGB'))
mask = np.array( Image.open(self.masks_fps[i]).convert('RGB'))
image = self.transform(image=image,mask=mask)
return image['image'], image['mask'][:,:,0]
def __len__(self):
return len(self.ids)
# 设置数据集路径
DATA_DIR = r'dataset\camvid' # 根据自己的路径来设置
x_train_dir = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, 'train_images')
y_train_dir = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, 'train_labels')
x_valid_dir = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, 'valid_images')
y_valid_dir = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, 'valid_labels')
train_dataset = CamVidDataset(
x_train_dir,
y_train_dir,
)
val_dataset = CamVidDataset(
x_valid_dir,
y_valid_dir,
)
train_loader = DataLoader(train_dataset, batch_size=8, shuffle=True,drop_last=True)
val_loader = DataLoader(val_dataset, batch_size=8, shuffle=True,drop_last=True)训练函数
由于需要输出SE loss，这里对训练函数做了一部分改动
model = ENCNet(num_classes=33).cuda()
#model.load_state_dict(torch.load(r"checkpoints/resnet50-11ad3fa6.pth"),strict=False)
def train_batch_ch13(net, X, y, loss, trainer, devices):
"""Train for a minibatch with mutiple GPUs (defined in Chapter 13).
Defined in :numref:`sec_image_augmentation`"""
if isinstance(X, list):
# Required for BERT fine-tuning (to be covered later)
X = [x.to(devices[0]) for x in X]
else:
X = X.to(devices[0])
y = y.to(devices[0])
net.train()
trainer.zero_grad()
pred = net(X)[0]
# 33是类别数, pred.shape[0]是batch_size的大小
exist_class = torch.FloatTensor([[1 if c in y[i_batch] else 0 for c in range(33)]
for i_batch in range(pred.shape[0])])
exist_class = exist_class.cuda()
pred2 = net(X)[1]
l = loss(pred, y)
l1 = nn.functional.mse_loss(pred2, exist_class)
l = l.sum()+ 0.2*l1
l.backward()
trainer.step()
train_loss_sum = l.sum()
train_acc_sum = d2l.accuracy(pred, y)
return train_loss_sum, train_acc_sum
def evaluate_accuracy_gpu(net, data_iter, device=None):
"""Compute the accuracy for a model on a dataset using a GPU.
Defined in :numref:`sec_lenet`"""
if isinstance(net, nn.Module):
net.eval() # Set the model to evaluation mode
if not device:
device = next(iter(net.parameters())).device
# No. of correct predictions, no. of predictions
metric = d2l.Accumulator(2)
with torch.no_grad():
for X, y in data_iter:
if isinstance(X, list):
# Required for BERT Fine-tuning (to be covered later)
X = [x.to(device) for x in X]
else:
X = X.to(device)
y = y.to(device)
metric.add(d2l.accuracy(net(X)[0], y), d2l.size(y))
return metric[0] / metric[1]
from d2l import torch as d2l
from tqdm import tqdm
import pandas as pd
#损失函数选用多分类交叉熵损失函数
lossf = nn.CrossEntropyLoss(ignore_index=255)
#选用adam优化器来训练
optimizer = optim.SGD(model.parameters(),lr=0.1)
scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler.StepLR(optimizer, step_size=50, gamma=0.1, last_epoch=-1)
#训练50轮
epochs_num = 50
def train_ch13(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, trainer, num_epochs,scheduler,
devices=d2l.try_all_gpus()):
timer, num_batches = d2l.Timer(), len(train_iter)
animator = d2l.Animator(xlabel='epoch', xlim=[1, num_epochs], ylim=[0, 1],
legend=['train loss', 'train acc', 'test acc'])
net = nn.DataParallel(net, device_ids=devices).to(devices[0])
loss_list = []
train_acc_list = []
test_acc_list = []
epochs_list = []
time_list = []
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
# Sum of training loss, sum of training accuracy, no. of examples,
# no. of predictions
metric = d2l.Accumulator(4)
for i, (features, labels) in enumerate(train_iter):
timer.start()
l, acc = train_batch_ch13(
net, features, labels.long(), loss, trainer, devices)
metric.add(l, acc, labels.shape[0], labels.numel())
timer.stop()
if (i + 1) % (num_batches // 5) == 0 or i == num_batches - 1:
animator.add(epoch + (i + 1) / num_batches,
(metric[0] / metric[2], metric[1] / metric[3],
None))
test_acc = evaluate_accuracy_gpu(net, test_iter)
animator.add(epoch + 1, (None, None, test_acc))
scheduler.step()
print(f"epoch {epoch+1} --- loss {metric[0] / metric[2]:.3f} --- train acc {metric[1] / metric[3]:.3f} --- test acc {test_acc:.3f} --- cost time {timer.sum()}")
#---------保存训练数据---------------
df = pd.DataFrame()
loss_list.append(metric[0] / metric[2])
train_acc_list.append(metric[1] / metric[3])
test_acc_list.append(test_acc)
epochs_list.append(epoch+1)
time_list.append(timer.sum())
df['epoch'] = epochs_list
df['loss'] = loss_list
df['train_acc'] = train_acc_list
df['test_acc'] = test_acc_list
df['time'] = time_list
df.to_excel("savefile/EncNet_camvid1.xlsx")
#----------------保存模型-------------------
if np.mod(epoch+1, 5) == 0:
torch.save(model.state_dict(), f'checkpoints/EncNet_{epoch+1}.pth')
开始训练
train_ch13(model, train_loader, val_loader, lossf, optimizer, epochs_num,scheduler)训练结果
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