从事Android开发的人,一定对Handler非常熟悉。Handler是一套消息处理机制,允许你发送,处理消息来实现线程间的通讯。每个Handler实例与一个线程和该线程的消息队列关联。当你创建一个Handler时,它会绑定到创建它的线程的消息队列上。将传递的消息加入到这个消息队列中,通过轮询取出消息,然后Handler可以接收并处理出队的消息。
Handler发送消息通过 post、postAtTime、postDelayed、sendEmptyMessage、sendMessage、sendMessageAtTime、sendMessageDelayed等方法来完成。使用 post的方法,允许Runnable 对象在入队后被消息队列接收时再被调用。而 sendMessage方法能够让你入队一个Message对象,并且该消息携带了一些数据,该Message对象能够被Handler中的handleMessage方法来处理。
下面我们将从源码的角度来分析它们的运行机制
源码分析我们一般从应用的角度来入手,首先在选择使用Handler来进行线程间的通讯时,我们都要先要new 一个handler对象。
Handler实例化
在Handler中,一共有四中构造方法,如下:
Handler()
Handler(Callback callback)
Handler(Looper looper)
Handler(Looper looper, Callback callback)
其中第1和第2构造方法相似,将handler和当前线程Looper关联起来,如果这个线程中没有Looper对象,那个这个Handler将不能接收messages,从而抛出异常。
public Handler() {
this(null, false);
}
public Handler(Callback callback) {
this(callback, false);
}
内部都执行的Handler(Callback callback, boolean async)方法,区别在于是否传入一个Callback接口。
/**
* 使用指定的接口回调为当前线程使用Looper,设置该Handler是否异步,默认为同步。
*/
public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
...
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
这个方法中对Handler的mLooper、mQueue、mCallback、mAsynchronous等属性进行了初始化。至于具体如何初始化的,以及做了哪些操作,我们稍后在讨论。
第3和第4个构造方法相似,直接提供了一个Looper对象,这个Looper对象不能为null。
public Handler(Looper looper) {
this(looper, null, false);
}
public Handler(Looper looper, Callback callback) {
this(looper, callback, false);
}
方法中都是调用Handler(Looper looper, Callback callback, boolean async)方法,区别是在与是否传入一个Callback接口
public Handler(Looper looper, Callback callback, boolean async) {
mLooper = looper;
mQueue = looper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
该方法内部同上一样,也是对Handler内部的属性进行初始化。
以上就完成了Handler的初始化,接下来就是使用sendMessage来发送一个message 或者 post一个Runnable对象。
sendMessage发送消息
我们经常使用sendMessage的方式,通知主线程更新UI。
Handler.java
/**
* 将消息push到消息队列的末尾
*/
public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg) {
return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
}
内部直接调用sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis),进入该方法:
public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis) {
if (delayMillis < 0) {
delayMillis = 0;
}
return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
}
该方法中直接调用sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis),以上标注的方法也可以直接在外部调用。
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}
执行到这步,我们才知道核心方法就是enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis),首先判断MessageQueue是否为null,我们知道mQueue来自,Handler的构造函数中的Looper.mQueue,我们继续看enqueueMessage:
private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
msg.target = this;
if (mAsynchronous) {
msg.setAsynchronous(true);
}
return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}
上面,通过 queue.enqueueMessage方法将Message 加入队列。
继续分析MessageQueue中的enqueueMessage方法,进入这个方法中:
MessageQueue.java
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
//上面已经将handler 赋值给msg.target,判断为空则抛出异常
if (msg.target == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
}
//判断该message的状态是否处于use中
if (msg.isInUse()) {
throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
}
synchronized (this) {
if (mQuitting) {
IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
msg.recycle();
return false;
}
msg.markInUse(); //标注该msg,处于use中
msg.when = when; //将msg的延迟时间初始化
Message p = mMessages;
boolean needWake;
// p为null 或者比较当前消息的执行时间小于存储的消息,将当前消息插入队列头部
if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
// New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
msg.next = p;
mMessages = msg;
needWake = mBlocked;
} else {
// 将msg插入队列。通常我们不需要唤醒事件队列,除非队列的头部有一个障碍
// 消息是队列中最早的异步消息。
needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
Message prev;
for (;;) {
prev = p;
p = p.next;
if (p == null || when < p.when) {
break;
}
if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
needWake = false;
}
}
msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
prev.next = msg;
}
// We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
if (needWake) {
nativeWake(mPtr);
}
}
return true;
}
以上就是调用handler的sendMessage时,将message加入MessageQueue的过程。接下来,我们继续分析使用post的方式,代码执行过程。
post Runnable对象
直接使用post方式,可以看到:
public final boolean post(Runnable r) {
return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
}
public final boolean postAtTime(Runnable r, long uptimeMillis) {
return sendMessageAtTime(getPostMessage(r), uptimeMillis);
}
public final boolean postDelayed(Runnable r, long delayMillis) {
return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), delayMillis);
}
以上都能看到,里面同样执行的是sendMessage中相同的方法,区别是通过方法getPostMessage(r),将Runnable对象转为Message对象,如下:
private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
Message m = Message.obtain();
m.callback = r;
return m;
}
由此可见将传入的Runnable对象,作为Message 的callback 属性。
从开始到现在,我们介绍了send Message 和 post 的方式,通过这样将Message加入到MessageQueue中来。但是我们知道,我们可以从Handler的handleMessage(Message msg)方法中,取到之前发送的消息。这样怎样做到的呢??下面我们将说明怎么从MessageQueue中取到对应的消息。
Looper的loop
我们回到前面Handler的构造方法中,知道Handler持有mLooper的对象引用,通过默认构造方法中初始化,或者接收外部传入的Looper对象,在Handler的构造方法中初始化。先来看默认的初始化是怎样的:
public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
.....
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
.....
}
直接到Looper查看该方法:
Looper.java
/**
* 返回与当前线程关联的Looper对象,如果调用的线程与Looper无关,则为null
*
*/
public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
return sThreadLocal.get();
}
从ThreadLocal中取出一个Looper,这样做可以避免并发访问时,线程安全问题。
// sThreadLocal.get() will return null unless you've called prepare().
static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();
sThreadLocal 采用static修饰,直接取值时,返回为空,必须先调用prepare()方法。
/** 初始化当前当前线程作为一个Looper
* 在实际开始loop之前,这样将会给你一个机会来创建handler来引用这个looper
*调用这个方法之后,确保要调用loop()方法,调用quit()方法来结束它 。
*/
public static void prepare() {
prepare(true);
}
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
上面的方法都是static方法,要在类初始化之前,需要先被调用来先实例化一个Looper对象到sThreadLocal 中,这样使得在初始化Handler时,通过Looper.myLooper() 就能获得当前的Looper对象。
然后我们继续查看Looper实例化时,做了哪些操作:
private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
mThread = Thread.currentThread();
}
从中可以看出,进行了两个初始化,创建一个MessageQueue实例对象,获取当前的Thead对象。再对照Handler的Handler(Callback callback, boolean async)方法,得知获得Looper实例后,然后将Looper中的MessageQueue引用直接赋值给Handler的mQueue中。
以上这些只是完成了Looper调用的准备工作,那么到底在哪里执行了prepare方法呢?
这让我们想起了,以前学习Handler时,当在子线程中创建Handler时,程序直接crash,如:
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
Handler handler = new Handler(){
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "handler msg", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
};
handler.sendEmptyMessage(1);
}
}).start();
报错提示:java.lang.RuntimeException: Can’t create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare();
这时我们只要在Handler 实例化之前执行Looper.prepare();这时,便不会报错了,但是handleMessage也同样不会执行。这时,我们还需要在handler.sendEmptyMessage(1) 后,继续执行Looper.loop(); 这样程序才能正确的运行。
到这里,我们可能都会产生疑惑,为什么在主线程中不需要执行这些操作,而在子线程中必须要这样呢?
首先我们来分析下报错的原因,根据错误提示,我们到源码中查看知道,在子线程中实例化Handler对象时,里面执行了mLooper = Looper.myLooper();(上面已经分析过),在判断mLooper 为null时,才抛出这样的异常提示。而在Looper的myLooper()方法中,只是从sThreadLocal中取出Looper的对象。说明sThreadLocal中并没有Looper的对象,也就是说Looper中没有调用prepare()方法来给sThreadLocal中set一个Looper对象。到这里我们知道了为什么在子线程调用Handler构造方法之前,添加了Looper.prepare()后为什了不报错了。
现在我们回到问题的原点,为什么主线程中不需要这样做呢?
我们在Activity的源码中,可以看到类中存在一个ActivityThread的引用,在ActivityThread的main方法中,可以看到相关的Looper调用:
ActivityThread.java
public static void main(String[] args) {
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "ActivityThreadMain");
SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();
// CloseGuard defaults to true and can be quite spammy. We
// disable it here, but selectively enable it later (via
// StrictMode) on debug builds, but using DropBox, not logs.
CloseGuard.setEnabled(false);
Environment.initForCurrentUser();
// Set the reporter for event logging in libcore
EventLogger.setReporter(new EventLoggingReporter());
AndroidKeyStoreProvider.install();
// Make sure TrustedCertificateStore looks in the right place for CA certificates
final File configDir = Environment.getUserConfigDirectory(UserHandle.myUserId());
TrustedCertificateStore.setDefaultUserDirectory(configDir);
Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>");
Looper.prepareMainLooper();
ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
thread.attach(false);
if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
}
if (false) {
Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
}
// End of event ActivityThreadMain.
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
Looper.loop();
throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
}
由此可知,在启动Activity时候,通过ActivityThread调用prepareMainLooper方法,里面执行了prepare()方法。
上面完成了获取Looper对象,剩下就是将MessageQueue中的消息对象取出来,然后由Handler中的handleMessage方法接处理。完成这个操作的方法就是loop()。
Looper.java
public static void loop() {
//判断当前Looer是否为空
final Looper me = myLooper();
if (me == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
}
//当前Looper的MessageQueue 赋值
final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
// Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
// and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
for (;;) {
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
if (msg == null) {
// No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
return;
}
// This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
Printer logging = me.mLogging;
if (logging != null) {
logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
}
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
if (logging != null) {
logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
}
// Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
// identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
if (ident != newIdent) {
Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
+ msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
+ msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
}
msg.recycleUnchecked();
}
}
在for的无限循环中,每次都执行方法queue.next(),取出一个Message,如果为null的话,则跳出循环。否则就执行方法:msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);从上面我们可以知道这个方法其实就是调用的Handler类中的dispatchMessage方法,进入该方法:
Handler.java
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
该方法里面有几个关键的执行路径,分别对应你的实例化Handler时传入的参数和调用Handler的方法。如:
当你使用post(Runnable r)方法时,这时调用的方法就是handleCallback(msg);
当你使用sendMessage(Message msg)方法时,这时根据你实例化Handler,是否传入回调接口Callback来选择代码执行,当Callback为null时,执行handleMessage(msg),这时在你重写的handleMessage方法中,就能接收到该Message。
下面我们再分析下MessageQueue的next方法是如何将Message从队列中取出的:
MessageQueue.java
Message next() {
// Return here if the message loop has already quit and been disposed.
// This can happen if the application tries to restart a looper after quit
// which is not supported.
final long ptr = mPtr;
if (ptr == 0) {
return null;
}
int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
for (;;) {
if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
Binder.flushPendingCommands();
}
nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);
synchronized (this) {
// Try to retrieve the next message. Return if found.
final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
Message prevMsg = null;
Message msg = mMessages;
if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
// Stalled by a barrier. Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
do {
prevMsg = msg;
msg = msg.next;
} while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
}
if (msg != null) {
if (now < msg.when) {
// Next message is not ready. Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
} else {
// Got a message.
mBlocked = false;
if (prevMsg != null) {
prevMsg.next = msg.next;
} else {
mMessages = msg.next;
}
msg.next = null;
if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
msg.markInUse();
return msg;
}
} else {
// No more messages.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
}
// Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
if (mQuitting) {
dispose();
return null;
}
// If first time idle, then get the number of idlers to run.
// Idle handles only run if the queue is empty or if the first message
// in the queue (possibly a barrier) is due to be handled in the future.
if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
&& (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
}
if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
// No idle handlers to run. Loop and wait some more.
mBlocked = true;
continue;
}
if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
}
mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
}
// Run the idle handlers.
// We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler
boolean keep = false;
try {
keep = idler.queueIdle();
} catch (Throwable t) {
Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
}
if (!keep) {
synchronized (this) {
mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
}
}
}
// Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.
pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;
// While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered
// so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
}
}
通过循环遍历,取出等待时间最短的Message,于是选择将该Message移除队列。
我们可以绘制出Handler机制简图,如下: