R1 Lecture 08 Class Notes

R1 Lecture 08 Class Notes

By YU, Xiang

Apr 21 2015

直线 线段 曲线 高级绘图函数 低级绘图函数

plot , curve , hist , barplot , pie , boxplot

points , lines , segments , abline , polygon

R内置的概率分布

一些概率分布函数名称,前缀 * = d,p,q,r

=== R function ===	=== Distribution Name ===
*pois	Poisson Distribution
*binom	Binomial Distribution
*unif	Uniform Distribution
*norm	Normal Distribution
*chisq	Chi-squared Distribution
*exp	Exp Distribution
*t	Student T Distribution
*f	F Distribution
*beta	Beta Distribution
*cauchy	Cauchy Distribution

# "d" for density distribution function
curve(dnorm,-5,5)

# "p" for cumulative distribution function
curve(pnorm,-5,5)

# "q" for quantile function
curve(qnorm,0,1)

what is quantile function ?

qnorm(0.25) -> x2
x1 <- seq(-4,x2,length=50)
y1 <- dnorm(x1)
x <- c(-4,x1,x2,-4)
y <- c(0,y1,0,0)
curve(dnorm,-5,5,xlab="",ylab="dnorm")
abline(v=x2,col=2,lwd=2)
polygon(x,y,col=8)
text(3,0.2,"qnorm(0.25)",cex=2)
arrows(3,0.18,x2,-0.015,lwd=2,lty=5)
title(main="What is qnorm(0.25)",cex.main=2,
    sub="The aera of the pink region is 0.25",cex.sub=2)

生成 pois,binom,t,f不同参数下对应的概率密度图，累积分布图

# pois的概率密度图和累积分布图，x=0:30, lambda=1,2,5,10
pois_dpplot <- function(x,lambda,ylim){
    for(i in lambda){
        y1 <- dpois(x,i)
        y2 <- ppois(x,i)
        plot(x,y1,type="h",ylim=ylim)
        title(main=paste("dpois with lambda =",i),cex.main=2)
        plot(x,y2,type="h",ylim=ylim)
        title(main=paste("ppois with lambda =",i),cex.main=2)
    }
}
par(mfcol=c(2,4))
pois_dpplot(0:30,c(1,2,5,10),ylim=c(0,0.5))

随机抽样

Random Samples and Permutations

Description:

     'sample' takes a sample of the specified size from the elements of
     'x' using either with or without replacement.

Usage:

     sample(x, size, replace = FALSE, prob = NULL)

     sample.int(n, size = n, replace = FALSE, prob = NULL)

# 从1~10中等概率随机抽取一个数
sample(1:10,1)

## [1] 2

sample(10,1)

## [1] 2

# 从1~10中等概率随机抽取5个数
sample(10,5)

## [1] 2 3 9 5 8

# 默认是不放回的抽样，如果需要可放回的抽样
sample(10,5,replace=TRUE)

## [1]  6  1  4  5 10

# 如果需要自定义不同数的概率值
sample(5,30,TRUE,prob=c(0.5,0.2,0.1,0.1,0.1))

##  [1] 4 1 3 1 1 1 3 3 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 1 5 1

作业

1. 画出 $Binominal$, $Student-T$, F <script id="MathJax-Element-3" type="math/tex">F</script> 分布在不同参数下对应的概率密度图和累积分布图

2. 有4个苹果，放到3个盘子中，每个苹果放到每个盘子中的概率都是相等的，求有且仅有一个盘子中有两个苹果的概率