复变函数积分的定义
代数式:
z
=
x
+
i
y
z=x+iy
z=x+iy
三角式:
z
=
r
(
c
o
s
φ
+
i
s
i
n
φ
)
z=r(cos\varphi+isin\varphi)
z=r(cosφ+isinφ)
指数式:
z
=
r
e
i
φ
z=r e^{i\varphi}
z=reiφ
复函数的几何意义
复数的运算
若
z
1
=
r
1
e
i
φ
1
z_1=r_1e^{i\varphi_1}
z1=r1eiφ1和
z
2
=
r
2
e
i
φ
2
z_2=r_2e^{i\varphi_2}
z2=r2eiφ2,则
积:
z
=
z
1
+
z
2
=
r
1
r
2
e
i
(
φ
1
+
φ
2
)
z=z_1+z_2=r_1r_2e^{i(\varphi_1+\varphi_2)}
z=z1+z2=r1r2ei(φ1+φ2)
商:
z
=
z
1
z
2
=
r
1
r
2
e
i
(
φ
1
−
φ
2
)
z=\frac{z_1}{z_2}=\frac{r_1}{r_2}e^{i(\varphi_1-\varphi_2)}
z=z2z1=r2r1ei(φ1−φ2)
若
z
=
r
e
i
φ
z=re^{i\varphi}
z=reiφ,则
乘方:
z
n
=
r
n
e
i
n
φ
z^n=r^ne^{in\varphi}
zn=rneinφ
方根:
z
n
=
r
n
e
i
(
φ
n
+
2
k
π
n
)
\sqrt[n]{z}=\sqrt[n]{r}e^{i(\frac{\varphi}{n}+\frac{2k\pi}{n})}
nz=nrei(nφ+n2kπ)
对数:
l
n
z
=
l
n
(
r
e
i
φ
)
=
l
n
∣
r
∣
+
i
φ
lnz=ln(re^{i\varphi})=ln|r|+i\varphi
lnz=ln(reiφ)=ln∣r∣+iφ
幂函数:
z
n
=
(
r
e
i
φ
)
n
=
r
n
e
i
n
φ
=
r
n
(
c
o
s
n
φ
+
i
s
i
n
n
φ
)
z^n=(re^{i\varphi})^{n}=r^ne^{in\varphi}=r^n(cosn\varphi+isinn\varphi)
zn=(reiφ)n=rneinφ=rn(cosnφ+isinnφ)
z
n
=
e
n
L
n
z
=
e
n
(
l
n
∣
z
∣
+
i
A
r
g
z
)
,
k
=
0
,
±
1
,
±
2...
z^n=e^{nLnz}=e^{n(ln|z|+iArgz)},k=0,\pm1,\pm2...
zn=enLnz=en(ln∣z∣+iArgz),k=0,±1,±2...
共轭复数
若 z = x + i y = r e i φ z=x+iy=re^{i\varphi} z=x+iy=reiφ,则 z z z的共轭复数定义 z ∗ = x − i y = r e − i φ z^*=x-iy=re^{-i\varphi} z∗=x−iy=re−iφ为复数 z z z的共轭复数, ∣ z ∣ 2 = z z ∗ \lvert z\rvert^2=zz^* ∣z∣2=zz∗。
欧拉公式
e
i
φ
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
1
n
!
(
i
φ
)
n
=
∑
k
=
0
∞
i
2
k
2
k
!
φ
2
k
+
∑
k
=
0
∞
i
2
k
+
1
2
k
+
1
!
φ
2
k
+
1
e^{i\varphi}=\sum^{\infty}_{n=0}{\frac{1}{n!}(i\varphi)^n}=\sum^{\infty}_{k=0}{\frac{i^{2k}}{2k!}\varphi^{2k}}+\sum^{\infty}_{k=0}{\frac{i^{2k+1}}{2k+1!}\varphi^{2k+1}}
eiφ=∑n=0∞n!1(iφ)n=∑k=0∞2k!i2kφ2k+∑k=0∞2k+1!i2k+1φ2k+1
=
∑
k
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
k
2
k
!
φ
2
k
+
∑
k
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
k
2
k
+
1
!
φ
2
k
+
1
=\sum^{\infty}_{k=0}{\frac{(-1)^{k}}{2k!}\varphi^{2k}}+\sum^{\infty}_{k=0}{\frac{(-1)^{k}}{2k+1!}\varphi^{2k+1}}
=∑k=0∞2k!(−1)kφ2k+∑k=0∞2k+1!(−1)kφ2k+1
=
c
o
s
φ
+
i
s
i
n
φ
=cos\varphi+isin\varphi
=cosφ+isinφ
三角函数
s
i
n
φ
=
1
2
i
(
e
i
φ
−
e
−
i
φ
)
sin\varphi=\frac{1}{2i}(e^{i\varphi}-e^{-i\varphi})
sinφ=2i1(eiφ−e−iφ)
c
o
s
φ
=
1
2
(
e
i
φ
+
e
−
i
φ
)
cos\varphi=\frac{1}{2}(e^{i\varphi}+e^{-i\varphi})
cosφ=21(eiφ+e−iφ)
复变函数的定义
若在复数平面上存在点集
E
E
E,对
E
E
E的每个点
z
=
x
+
i
y
z=x+iy
z=x+iy都有复数
w
=
u
+
i
v
w=u+iv
w=u+iv与之对应,则称
w
w
w为
z
z
z的函数,
z
z
z为
w
w
w的变量,定义域为
E
E
E,记为:
w
=
f
(
z
)
=
u
(
x
,
y
)
+
i
v
(
x
,
y
)
,
z
∈
E
w=f(z)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y), z\in E
w=f(z)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y),z∈E
也即:
f
:
z
=
x
+
i
y
⟶
w
=
u
+
i
v
f: z=x+iy\longrightarrow w=u+iv
f:z=x+iy⟶w=u+iv
定义了一个复变函数实际上定义了两个相关联的实二元函数,因此复函数将具有独特的性质。
例如:
w
=
f
(
z
)
=
z
2
=
(
x
+
i
y
)
2
=
x
2
−
y
2
+
2
i
x
y
w=f(z)=z^2=(x+iy)^2=x^2-y^2+2ixy
w=f(z)=z2=(x+iy)2=x2−y2+2ixy
这样
{
u
(
x
,
y
)
=
x
2
−
y
2
v
(
x
,
y
)
=
2
x
y
\begin{cases} u(x,y)&=x^2-y^2\\ v(x,y)&=2xy \end{cases}
{u(x,y)v(x,y)=x2−y2=2xy
导数的定义
设
w
=
f
(
z
)
w=f(z)
w=f(z)是在区域
B
B
B的定义的单值函数。若在
B
B
B内的某点
Z
Z
Z,极限:
lim
△
z
→
0
△
w
△
z
=
lim
△
z
→
0
f
(
z
+
△
z
)
−
f
(
z
)
△
z
\lim \limits_{\triangle z\rightarrow0}\frac{\triangle w}{\triangle z}=\lim \limits_{\triangle z\rightarrow0}\frac{f(z+\triangle z)-f(z)}{\triangle z}
△z→0lim△z△w=△z→0lim△zf(z+△z)−f(z)
存在,且与
△
z
→
0
\triangle z\rightarrow0
△z→0的方向无关,则称函数
w
=
f
(
z
)
w=f(z)
w=f(z)在
z
z
z点可导,称该极限为函数
f
(
z
)
f(z)
f(z)在
z
z
z点的导数,记为
f
′
(
z
)
f'(z)
f′(z)或
d
f
d
z
\frac{df}{dz}
dzdf。
1、当
△
z
\triangle z
△z沿实轴
x
x
x趋于
0
0
0,即
△
y
=
0
,
△
z
=
△
x
→
0
\triangle y=0,\triangle z=\triangle x\rightarrow0
△y=0,△z=△x→0时,有
lim
△
z
=
△
x
→
0
f
(
z
0
+
△
z
)
−
f
(
z
0
)
△
z
=
=
lim
△
x
→
0
u
(
x
0
+
△
x
,
y
0
)
+
i
v
(
x
0
+
△
x
,
y
0
)
−
u
(
x
0
,
y
0
)
−
i
v
(
x
0
,
y
0
)
△
x
=
∂
u
∂
x
+
i
∂
v
∂
x
\begin{array}{ll} \lim \limits_{\triangle z=\triangle x\rightarrow0}\frac{f(z_{0}+\triangle z)-f(z_0)}{\triangle z}&=\\ &=\lim\limits_{\triangle x\rightarrow0}\frac{u(x_0+\triangle x,y_0)+iv(x_0+\triangle x,y_0)-u(x_0,y_0)-iv(x_0,y_0)}{\triangle x}\\ &=\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+i\frac{\partial v}{\partial x} \end{array}
△z=△x→0lim△zf(z0+△z)−f(z0)==△x→0lim△xu(x0+△x,y0)+iv(x0+△x,y0)−u(x0,y0)−iv(x0,y0)=∂x∂u+i∂x∂v
2、当
△
z
\triangle z
△z沿虚轴
y
y
y趋于
0
0
0,即
△
x
=
0
,
△
z
=
△
y
→
0
\triangle x=0,\triangle z=\triangle y\rightarrow0
△x=0,△z=△y→0时,有
lim
△
z
=
△
y
→
0
f
(
z
0
+
△
z
)
−
f
(
z
0
)
△
z
=
=
lim
△
y
→
0
u
(
x
0
,
y
0
+
△
y
)
+
i
v
(
x
0
,
y
0
+
△
y
)
−
u
(
x
0
,
y
0
)
−
i
v
(
x
0
,
y
0
)
i
△
y
=
∂
v
∂
y
−
i
∂
u
∂
y
\begin{array}{ll} \lim \limits_{\triangle z=\triangle y\rightarrow0}\frac{f(z_{0}+\triangle z)-f(z_0)}{\triangle z}&=\\ &=\lim\limits_{\triangle y\rightarrow0}\frac{u(x_0,y_0+\triangle y)+iv(x_0,y_0+\triangle y)-u(x_0,y_0)-iv(x_0,y_0)}{i\triangle y}\\ &=\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}-i\frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \end{array}
△z=△y→0lim△zf(z0+△z)−f(z0)==△y→0limi△yu(x0,y0+△y)+iv(x0,y0+△y)−u(x0,y0)−iv(x0,y0)=∂y∂v−i∂y∂u
柯西黎曼方程(Cauchy-Riemann,C_R方程)是函数在一点可微的必要条件。
即
f
′
(
z
)
=
∂
u
∂
x
+
i
∂
v
∂
x
=
∂
v
∂
y
−
i
∂
u
∂
y
=
∂
u
∂
x
−
i
∂
u
∂
y
=
∂
v
∂
y
+
i
∂
v
∂
x
\begin{array}{ll} f'(z)&=\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+i\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}\\ &=\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}-i\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\\ &=\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}-i\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\\ &=\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}+i\frac{\partial v}{\partial x} \end{array}
f′(z)=∂x∂u+i∂x∂v=∂y∂v−i∂y∂u=∂x∂u−i∂y∂u=∂y∂v+i∂x∂v
也可写成:
{
∂
u
∂
x
=
∂
v
∂
y
∂
v
∂
x
=
−
∂
u
∂
y
\begin{cases} \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}=\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}\\ \frac{\partial v}{\partial x}=-\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\\ \end{cases}
{∂x∂u=∂y∂v∂x∂v=−∂y∂u
或
{
∂
u
∂
r
=
1
r
∂
v
∂
φ
1
r
∂
u
∂
φ
=
−
∂
v
∂
r
\begin{cases} \frac{\partial u}{\partial r}=\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial v}{\partial \varphi}\\ \frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial u}{\partial \varphi}=-\frac{\partial v}{\partial r} \end{cases}
{∂r∂u=r1∂φ∂vr1∂φ∂u=−∂r∂v
解析函数的定义
若函数 f ( z ) f(z) f(z)在 z 0 z_0 z0点及其邻域上处处可导,则称 f ( z ) f(z) f(z)字 z 0 z_0 z0解析,在区域E上每点都解析,则称 f ( z ) f(z) f(z)在区域上的解析函数。
解析函数的性质
解析函数的实部和虚部通过柯西黎曼(C-R)方程相互联系:知其中一个函数,可求另一个函数。