Singleton:Ensure a class only has one instance, and provide a global point of access to it.
一个类只能有一个实例的创建模式。
一:引入
在某些情况下一个类只能有一个实例,如果多于一个实例就会导致逻辑错误。
- 非共享资源:如打印机,系统属性文件
- 其他:如数据库主键生成器,只能有一个地方分配,否则会出现重复主键
- EagerSingleton(饿汉式单例):
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问题:
- 类在加载时就将自己实例化,对于象资源控制器之类的类初始化可能耗费很多时间。还可能会导致出现多线程首次同时引用子类的几率变得比较大。
- 构造函数为私有,不能被继承。
- LazySingleton(懒汉式单例)--延迟加载(访问时加载)
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- 第一次访问时实例化,资源利用效率比饿汉式要好,但第一次访问时反应时间不如饿汉式。
- 因为构造函数私有,也不能被继承。
上例没有考虑到多线程环境,如果第一个线程执行到 if(instance==null)且还没有执行instance=new LazySingleton()时,另一个线程也执行到 if(instance==null)这时条件也为true,所以也会执行new LazySingleton()导致多实例。
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二:结构
三:实际应用
- java.lang.Runtime
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四:适用情形
Use the Singleton pattern when
there must be exactly one instance of a class, and it must be accessible to clients from a well-known access point.when the sole instance should be extensible by subclassing, and clients should be able to use an extended instance without modifying
参考文献:
1:阎宏,《Java与模式》,电子工业出版社
2:Eric Freeman & Elisabeth Freeman,《Head First Design Pattern》,O'REILLY