导体的温度特性
01 热稳定性
一、前言
温度会影响电路中一些器件的电阻， 反映出不同导体温度系数的差异。 通常情况下， 电路设计需要选择温度稳定的器件， 下面通过热风枪加热一些导体， 查看它们温度特性。 积累一些电路设计的实际经验。
二、测试电路板
利用AltumDesign 设计测试电路板。 水平引入恒流源电流。 中心部分测量铜箔的温度系数。 下面这部分， 可以焊接不同的电阻， 进行测试温度他们的温度特性。 电压通过上面两个节点引至数字万用表进行测量。 下面通过一分钟制板方法制作测试电路板。
先将电路通过激光打印机打印到热转纸上， 可以看到对应的线路边缘非常整齐。 经过加热加压之后， 墨粉转印到覆铜板上。 一分钟之后， 获得腐蚀后的电路板。 经过检查可以看到， 线路稍有过腐蚀现象， 线径比较细了。
三、测量结果
1、铜线
首先测量铜线在高高温下的电阻变化。 利用稳压源DH1766产生 100mA 的恒流。 使用DM3016测量电路板上曲折铜线两端的电压。 可以看到它大约为 15.22mV， 对应电阻为 152毫欧姆。 选择100mA， 也是为了避免电路板发热。 下面打开热风， 测量在加热过程中电阻两端电压的变化。
热电偶温度计测量电路板表面热风温度， 经过30秒左右， 温度从最初的 26摄氏度可以上升到 160 摄氏度。 然后关闭热风枪， 经过降温， 温度最终回落到 40摄氏度。 这个曲线显示了线路在 100mA 电流驱动下电压的变化。 从最初的15mV， 上升超过 21mV。
▲ 图1.3.1 升温和降温过程中对应的电压变化
vdim=[0.0151,0.0152,0.0151,0.0151,0.0151,0.0151,0.0151,0.0151,0.0151,0.0151,0.0151,0.0151,0.0170,0.0170,0.0170,0.0170,0.0180,0.0180,0.0180,0.0185,0.0188,0.0191,0.0192,0.0194,0.0195,0.0197,0.0198,0.0199,0.0200,0.0202,0.0202,0.0203,0.0203,0.0205,0.0206,0.0207,0.0207,0.0208,0.0209,0.0210,0.0210,0.0211,0.0211,0.0211,0.0211,0.0207,0.0207,0.0205,0.0204,0.0203,0.0202,0.0201,0.0201,0.0200,0.0199,0.0198,0.0198,0.0197,0.0196,0.0196,0.0195,0.0194,0.0194,0.0193,0.0193,0.0192,0.0192,0.0191,0.0191,0.0190,0.0190,0.0189,0.0189,0.0188,0.0188,0.0188,0.0187,0.0187,0.0186,0.0186,0.0185,0.0185,0.0185,0.0184,0.0184,0.0184,0.0183,0.0183,0.0183,0.0182,0.0182,0.0182,0.0181,0.0181,0.0181,0.0180,0.0180,0.0180,0.0179,0.0179,0.0179,0.0179,0.0178,0.0178,0.0178,0.0178,0.0177,0.0177,0.0177,0.0177,0.0177,0.0176,0.0176,0.0176,0.0175,0.0175,0.0175,0.0175,0.0175,0.0174,0.0174,0.0174,0.0174,0.0174,0.0173,0.0173,0.0173,0.0173,0.0173,0.0172,0.0172,0.0172,0.0172,0.0172,0.0172,0.0171,0.0171,0.0171,0.0171,0.0171,0.0170,0.0170,0.0170,0.0170,0.0170,0.0170,0.0170,0.0169,0.0169,0.0169,0.0169,0.0169,0.0169,0.0168,0.0168,0.0168,0.0168,0.0168,0.0168,0.0168,0.0168,0.0168,0.0167,0.0167,0.0167,0.0167,0.0167,0.0167,0.0167,0.0166,0.0166,0.0166,0.0166,0.0166,0.0166,0.0166,0.0166,0.0166,0.0165,0.0165,0.0165,0.0165,0.0165,0.0165,0.0165,0.0165,0.0165,0.0165,0.0164,0.0164,0.0164,0.0164,0.0164,0.0164,0.0164,0.0164,0.0164,0.0164,0.0163,0.0163]
#!/usr/local/bin/python
# -*- coding: gbk -*-
#============================================================
# TEST1.PY -- by Dr. ZhuoQing 2024-01-13
#
# Note:
#============================================================
from headm import *
from tsmodule.tsvisa import *
dm3068open(138)
vdim = []
for i in range(200):
v = dm3068vdc()
time.sleep(1)
vdim.append(v)
printff(i, v)
tspsave('measure', vdim=vdim)
plt.plot(vdim, lw=3)
plt.xlabel("Time(s)")
plt.ylabel("Voltage(V)")
plt.grid(True)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
#------------------------------------------------------------
# END OF FILE : TEST1.PY
#============================================================
2、焊锡
下面使用焊锡将铜线覆盖， 测量温度对于焊锡电阻影响。 由于此时导电层比较厚， 导通电阻很小了。 使用更大的电流提高测量电压的幅度。 将恒流修改为 1A。 室温下， 测量电压为 0.131mV。 下面开大热风枪， 30秒之后温度很快上升到 160 摄氏度。 可以看到对应导锡上的电压降上升到了 0.241mV。 通过测试的 200个数据来看， 在50秒钟， 温度升到最高， 电压从0.13mV， 上升超过了0.28mV。 对应的电压超过了两杯， 对比刚才铜线电压的变化， 锡对应的温度系数更大。
▲ 图1.3.2 焊锡的电压温度变化
vdim=[0.00013105,0.00013175,0.00013068,0.00013189,0.00013035,0.00013144,0.00013105,0.00013111,0.00014292,0.00015674,0.00017108,0.00017910,0.00018291,0.00019043,0.00019577,0.00019976,0.00020470,0.00020913,0.00021329,0.00021768,0.00022060,0.00022311,0.00022622,0.00022849,0.00022951,0.00023206,0.00023402,0.00023761,0.00024029,0.00024635,0.00024972,0.00025345,0.00025507,0.00025642,0.00025933,0.00026171,0.00026390,0.00026669,0.00026877,0.00027157,0.00027476,0.00027460,0.00027525,0.00027625,0.00027713,0.00027770,0.00027853,0.00027898,0.00027989,0.00028005,0.00028302,0.00028504,0.00028534,0.00028532,0.00028687,0.00028793,0.00028962,0.00028465,0.00027696,0.00027050,0.00026841,0.00026479,0.00026292,0.00026022,0.00025793,0.00025353,0.00025085,0.00024923,0.00024473,0.00024168,0.00023850,0.00023669,0.00023424,0.00023284,0.00023130,0.00022972,0.00022769,0.00022686,0.00022431,0.00022353,0.00022257,0.00022193,0.00021883,0.00021802,0.00021630,0.00021598,0.00021345,0.00021245,0.00021242,0.00021189,0.00021024,0.00020912,0.00020780,0.00020581,0.00020288,0.00020244,0.00020208,0.00020147,0.00019885,0.00019792,0.00019579,0.00019572,0.00019435,0.00019430,0.00019486,0.00019174,0.00019172,0.00019248,0.00019183,0.00019358,0.00019146,0.00018858,0.00018839,0.00018681,0.00018397,0.00018222,0.00018121,0.00018134,0.00018112,0.00017942,0.00017965,0.00017863,0.00017780,0.00017972,0.00017858,0.00017771,0.00017718,0.00017685,0.00017550,0.00017517,0.00017425,0.00017297,0.00017271,0.00016982,0.00016952,0.00016940,0.00016856,0.00016888,0.00016796,0.00016791,0.00016771,0.00016732,0.00016600,0.00016625,0.00016548,0.00016438,0.00016544,0.00016422,0.00016271,0.00016211,0.00016166,0.00016223,0.00016138,0.00016049,0.00016052,0.00015991,0.00016133,0.00016075,0.00016217,0.00016169,0.00016041,0.00016071,0.00015972,0.00015945,0.00016085,0.00015957,0.00015892,0.00015905,0.00016009,0.00015923,0.00015819,0.00015807,0.00015839,0.00015714,0.00015673,0.00015643,0.00015620,0.00015575,0.00015441,0.00015483,0.00015570,0.00015487,0.00015322,0.00015331,0.00015228,0.00015320,0.00015172,0.00015119,0.00015075,0.00015056,0.00015040,0.00015115,0.00014950,0.00014865,0.00014872,0.00014737,0.00014729,0.00014716,0.00014726,0.00014685]
四、10Ω电阻
测量两个10欧姆金属膜电阻温度变化。 这两个电阻一个是八分之一瓦， 另外一个小一些， 只有十六分之一瓦。 通过测量， 对比它们在温度变化过程中电阻的变化。
先测试八分之一瓦的金属膜电阻。 它的阻值为1欧姆， 将它焊接在电路板上， 使用100mA的恒流激励电阻， 测量电阻两端电压随着温度变化的情况。 利用热风枪加热电阻， 可以看到在30秒左右， 温度上升到了160摄氏度， 对应的电压从110mV， 上升到112.5mV。 变化了大约2.5%左右。
▲ 图1.4.1 电阻两端电压的变化
vdim=[0.1102,0.1101,0.1101,0.1102,0.1101,0.1101,0.1102,0.1103,0.1106,0.1108,0.1110,0.1111,0.1113,0.1113,0.1114,0.1115,0.1116,0.1116,0.1117,0.1118,0.1118,0.1119,0.1120,0.1119,0.1120,0.1120,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1122,0.1122,0.1122,0.1122,0.1123,0.1123,0.1123,0.1123,0.1123,0.1124,0.1124,0.1124,0.1125,0.1124,0.1125,0.1124,0.1124,0.1123,0.1123,0.1122,0.1121,0.1121,0.1120,0.1120,0.1119,0.1119,0.1118,0.1118,0.1117,0.1117,0.1117,0.1117,0.1117,0.1116,0.1116,0.1116,0.1115,0.1115,0.1115,0.1115,0.1114,0.1114,0.1114,0.1114,0.1114,0.1114,0.1113,0.1114,0.1113,0.1113,0.1113,0.1113,0.1113,0.1113,0.1112,0.1112,0.1112,0.1112,0.1112,0.1112,0.1112,0.1111,0.1111,0.1111,0.1111,0.1111,0.1111,0.1111,0.1111,0.1110,0.1110,0.1110,0.1111,0.1110,0.1110,0.1110,0.1110,0.1110,0.1110,0.1110,0.1110,0.1110,0.1109,0.1109,0.1109,0.1110,0.1109,0.1109,0.1109,0.1109,0.1109,0.1109,0.1108,0.1109,0.1109,0.1108,0.1109,0.1108,0.1108,0.1108,0.1108,0.1108,0.1108,0.1108,0.1108,0.1108,0.1108,0.1108,0.1108,0.1108,0.1108,0.1107,0.1108,0.1108,0.1107,0.1107,0.1107,0.1107,0.1107,0.1107,0.1107,0.1107,0.1107,0.1107,0.1107,0.1107,0.1107,0.1107,0.1107,0.1107,0.1107,0.1107,0.1107,0.1107,0.1107,0.1106,0.1106,0.1106,0.1106,0.1106,0.1106,0.1106,0.1106,0.1106,0.1106,0.1106,0.1106,0.1106,0.1106,0.1106,0.1106,0.1106,0.1106,0.1106,0.1106,0.1106,0.1106,0.1106,0.1105,0.1105,0.1106,0.1105,0.1105,0.1105,0.1105,0.1105,0.1105,0.1105,0.1105,0.1105,0.1105]
下面测试十六分之一瓦金属膜电阻， 电阻阻值仍然为 1欧姆， 恒流为100mA。 在热风枪加温到160摄氏度的时候， 电压上升了1.5mV。 对照两个电阻， 可以看到 十六分之一瓦的电阻温度系数更低。
▲ 图1.4.2 十六分之一瓦金属膜电阻温度变化
vdim=[0.1119,0.1118,0.1118,0.1118,0.1118,0.1118,0.1118,0.1120,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1122,0.1122,0.1122,0.1123,0.1123,0.1123,0.1123,0.1123,0.1123,0.1124,0.1123,0.1124,0.1124,0.1124,0.1124,0.1124,0.1124,0.1124,0.1124,0.1124,0.1125,0.1125,0.1125,0.1125,0.1125,0.1125,0.1125,0.1125,0.1125,0.1125,0.1125,0.1125,0.1126,0.1126,0.1126,0.1126,0.1127,0.1126,0.1126,0.1126,0.1126,0.1127,0.1126,0.1126,0.1125,0.1125,0.1125,0.1124,0.1125,0.1124,0.1124,0.1124,0.1124,0.1124,0.1124,0.1124,0.1124,0.1123,0.1124,0.1123,0.1123,0.1123,0.1123,0.1123,0.1123,0.1123,0.1123,0.1123,0.1123,0.1123,0.1123,0.1123,0.1123,0.1122,0.1122,0.1123,0.1122,0.1122,0.1122,0.1122,0.1122,0.1122,0.1122,0.1122,0.1122,0.1122,0.1122,0.1122,0.1122,0.1122,0.1122,0.1122,0.1122,0.1122,0.1122,0.1122,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1121,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1121,0.1120,0.1120,0.1121,0.1120,0.1120,0.1121,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1121,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1119,0.1120,0.1119,0.1120,0.1119,0.1120,0.1120,0.1120,0.1119,0.1119,0.1119,0.1119,0.1119,0.1119,0.1119,0.1119]
▲ 图1.4.3 对比两种电阻温度特性
#!/usr/local/bin/python
# -*- coding: gbk -*-
#============================================================
# TEST2.PY -- by Dr. ZhuoQing 2024-01-13
#
# Note:
#============================================================
from headm import *
vdim0 = tspload('measure2', 'vdim')
vdim1 = tspload('measure3', 'vdim')
plt.plot(vdim0, lw=3, label='1/8W')
plt.plot(vdim1, lw=3, label='1/16W')
plt.xlabel("Time(s)")
plt.ylabel("Voltage(V)")
plt.grid(True)
plt.legend(loc="upper right")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
#------------------------------------------------------------
# END OF FILE : TEST2.PY
#============================================================
※ 总 结 ※
本文通过热风枪测试了几种导体的温度特性。 包括铜线， 焊锡， 以及两个 1欧姆的电阻。 温度对于这些导体影响各不相同。
一、补充实验
是碳膜电阻还是金属膜电阻？
刚才测试了两个一欧姆电阻对应的温度变化特性。 有人提出， 这个八分之一瓦的电阻是否是碳膜电阻？ 下面使用刻刀将电阻封装油漆去除， 可以看到它对应的金属膜。 这说明了这个电阻的确是一个金属膜电阻。 说实在的， 现在想找到碳膜电阻也不是太容易了。
● 相关图表链接:
扫一扫
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
