pytorch中的torch.nn.Linear

  torch.nn.Linear是pytorch中的线性层，应该是最常见的网络层了，官方文档：torch.nn.Linear。

torch.nn.Linear(in_features, out_features, bias=True, device=None, dtype=None)

  其中，in_features表示输入的维度；out_features表示输出的维度；bias表示是否包含偏置，默认为True。
  nn.linear的作用其实就是对输入进行了一个线性变换，中学时我们学习的线性变换是y=kx+b，但是对于神经网络来说，我们的输入、输出和权重都是一个矩阵，即：$$output=input\ast W+b$$  其中，$input\in R^{n\times i}$，$W\in R^{i\times o}$，$output\in R^{n\times o}$，n为输入向量的行数（通常为batch数），i为输入神经元的个数，o为输出神经元的个数。使用举例：

FC = nn.Linear(20, 40)
input = torch.randn(128, 20) # （128，20）
output = FC(input)
print(output.size())  # (128，40）

  官方源码：

import math

import torch
from torch import Tensor
from torch.nn.parameter import Parameter, UninitializedParameter
from .. import functional as F
from .. import init
from .module import Module
from .lazy import LazyModuleMixin


class Identity(Module):
    r"""A placeholder identity operator that is argument-insensitive.

    Args:
        args: any argument (unused)
        kwargs: any keyword argument (unused)

    Shape:
        - Input: :math:`(*)`, where :math:`*` means any number of dimensions.
        - Output: :math:`(*)`, same shape as the input.

    Examples::

        >>> m = nn.Identity(54, unused_argument1=0.1, unused_argument2=False)
        >>> input = torch.randn(128, 20)
        >>> output = m(input)
        >>> print(output.size())
        torch.Size([128, 20])

    """
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super(Identity, self).__init__()

    def forward(self, input: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        return input


class Linear(Module):
    r"""Applies a linear transformation to the incoming data: :math:`y = xA^T + b`

    This module supports :ref:`TensorFloat32<tf32_on_ampere>`.

    Args:
        in_features: size of each input sample
        out_features: size of each output sample
        bias: If set to ``False``, the layer will not learn an additive bias.
            Default: ``True``

    Shape:
        - Input: :math:`(*, H_{in})` where :math:`*` means any number of
          dimensions including none and :math:`H_{in} = \text{in\_features}`.
        - Output: :math:`(*, H_{out})` where all but the last dimension
          are the same shape as the input and :math:`H_{out} = \text{out\_features}`.

    Attributes:
        weight: the learnable weights of the module of shape
            :math:`(\text{out\_features}, \text{in\_features})`. The values are
            initialized from :math:`\mathcal{U}(-\sqrt{k}, \sqrt{k})`, where
            :math:`k = \frac{1}{\text{in\_features}}`
        bias:   the learnable bias of the module of shape :math:`(\text{out\_features})`.
                If :attr:`bias` is ``True``, the values are initialized from
                :math:`\mathcal{U}(-\sqrt{k}, \sqrt{k})` where
                :math:`k = \frac{1}{\text{in\_features}}`

    Examples::

        >>> m = nn.Linear(20, 30)
        >>> input = torch.randn(128, 20)
        >>> output = m(input)
        >>> print(output.size())
        torch.Size([128, 30])
    """
    __constants__ = ['in_features', 'out_features']
    in_features: int
    out_features: int
    weight: Tensor

    def __init__(self, in_features: int, out_features: int, bias: bool = True,
                 device=None, dtype=None) -> None:
        factory_kwargs = {'device': device, 'dtype': dtype}
        super(Linear, self).__init__()
        self.in_features = in_features
        self.out_features = out_features
        self.weight = Parameter(torch.empty((out_features, in_features), **factory_kwargs))
        if bias:
            self.bias = Parameter(torch.empty(out_features, **factory_kwargs))
        else:
            self.register_parameter('bias', None)
        self.reset_parameters()

    def reset_parameters(self) -> None:
        # Setting a=sqrt(5) in kaiming_uniform is the same as initializing with
        # uniform(-1/sqrt(in_features), 1/sqrt(in_features)). For details, see
        # https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/57109
        init.kaiming_uniform_(self.weight, a=math.sqrt(5))
        if self.bias is not None:
            fan_in, _ = init._calculate_fan_in_and_fan_out(self.weight)
            bound = 1 / math.sqrt(fan_in) if fan_in > 0 else 0
            init.uniform_(self.bias, -bound, bound)

    def forward(self, input: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        return F.linear(input, self.weight, self.bias)

    def extra_repr(self) -> str:
        return 'in_features={}, out_features={}, bias={}'.format(
            self.in_features, self.out_features, self.bias is not None
        )


# This class exists solely to avoid triggering an obscure error when scripting
# an improperly quantized attention layer. See this issue for details:
# https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/58969
# TODO: fail fast on quantization API usage error, then remove this class
# and replace uses of it with plain Linear
class NonDynamicallyQuantizableLinear(Linear):
    def __init__(self, in_features: int, out_features: int, bias: bool = True,
                 device=None, dtype=None) -> None:
        super().__init__(in_features, out_features, bias=bias,
                         device=device, dtype=dtype)



[docs]class Bilinear(Module):
    r"""Applies a bilinear transformation to the incoming data:
    :math:`y = x_1^T A x_2 + b`

    Args:
        in1_features: size of each first input sample
        in2_features: size of each second input sample
        out_features: size of each output sample
        bias: If set to False, the layer will not learn an additive bias.
            Default: ``True``

    Shape:
        - Input1: :math:`(*, H_{in1})` where :math:`H_{in1}=\text{in1\_features}` and
          :math:`*` means any number of additional dimensions including none. All but the last dimension
          of the inputs should be the same.
        - Input2: :math:`(*, H_{in2})` where :math:`H_{in2}=\text{in2\_features}`.
        - Output: :math:`(*, H_{out})` where :math:`H_{out}=\text{out\_features}`
          and all but the last dimension are the same shape as the input.

    Attributes:
        weight: the learnable weights of the module of shape
            :math:`(\text{out\_features}, \text{in1\_features}, \text{in2\_features})`.
            The values are initialized from :math:`\mathcal{U}(-\sqrt{k}, \sqrt{k})`, where
            :math:`k = \frac{1}{\text{in1\_features}}`
        bias:   the learnable bias of the module of shape :math:`(\text{out\_features})`.
                If :attr:`bias` is ``True``, the values are initialized from
                :math:`\mathcal{U}(-\sqrt{k}, \sqrt{k})`, where
                :math:`k = \frac{1}{\text{in1\_features}}`

    Examples::

        >>> m = nn.Bilinear(20, 30, 40)
        >>> input1 = torch.randn(128, 20)
        >>> input2 = torch.randn(128, 30)
        >>> output = m(input1, input2)
        >>> print(output.size())
        torch.Size([128, 40])
    """
    __constants__ = ['in1_features', 'in2_features', 'out_features']
    in1_features: int
    in2_features: int
    out_features: int
    weight: Tensor

    def __init__(self, in1_features: int, in2_features: int, out_features: int, bias: bool = True,
                 device=None, dtype=None) -> None:
        factory_kwargs = {'device': device, 'dtype': dtype}
        super(Bilinear, self).__init__()
        self.in1_features = in1_features
        self.in2_features = in2_features
        self.out_features = out_features
        self.weight = Parameter(torch.empty((out_features, in1_features, in2_features), **factory_kwargs))

        if bias:
            self.bias = Parameter(torch.empty(out_features, **factory_kwargs))
        else:
            self.register_parameter('bias', None)
        self.reset_parameters()

    def reset_parameters(self) -> None:
        bound = 1 / math.sqrt(self.weight.size(1))
        init.uniform_(self.weight, -bound, bound)
        if self.bias is not None:
            init.uniform_(self.bias, -bound, bound)

    def forward(self, input1: Tensor, input2: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        return F.bilinear(input1, input2, self.weight, self.bias)

    def extra_repr(self) -> str:
        return 'in1_features={}, in2_features={}, out_features={}, bias={}'.format(
            self.in1_features, self.in2_features, self.out_features, self.bias is not None
        )



class LazyLinear(LazyModuleMixin, Linear):
    r"""A :class:`torch.nn.Linear` module where `in_features` is inferred.

    In this module, the `weight` and `bias` are of :class:`torch.nn.UninitializedParameter`
    class. They will be initialized after the first call to ``forward`` is done and the
    module will become a regular :class:`torch.nn.Linear` module. The ``in_features`` argument
    of the :class:`Linear` is inferred from the ``input.shape[-1]``.

    Check the :class:`torch.nn.modules.lazy.LazyModuleMixin` for further documentation
    on lazy modules and their limitations.

    Args:
        out_features: size of each output sample
        bias: If set to ``False``, the layer will not learn an additive bias.
            Default: ``True``

    Attributes:
        weight: the learnable weights of the module of shape
            :math:`(\text{out\_features}, \text{in\_features})`. The values are
            initialized from :math:`\mathcal{U}(-\sqrt{k}, \sqrt{k})`, where
            :math:`k = \frac{1}{\text{in\_features}}`
        bias:   the learnable bias of the module of shape :math:`(\text{out\_features})`.
                If :attr:`bias` is ``True``, the values are initialized from
                :math:`\mathcal{U}(-\sqrt{k}, \sqrt{k})` where
                :math:`k = \frac{1}{\text{in\_features}}`


    """

    cls_to_become = Linear  # type: ignore[assignment]
    weight: UninitializedParameter
    bias: UninitializedParameter  # type: ignore[assignment]

    def __init__(self, out_features: int, bias: bool = True,
                 device=None, dtype=None) -> None:
        factory_kwargs = {'device': device, 'dtype': dtype}
        # bias is hardcoded to False to avoid creating tensor
        # that will soon be overwritten.
        super().__init__(0, 0, False)
        self.weight = UninitializedParameter(**factory_kwargs)
        self.out_features = out_features
        if bias:
            self.bias = UninitializedParameter(**factory_kwargs)

    def reset_parameters(self) -> None:
        if not self.has_uninitialized_params() and self.in_features != 0:
            super().reset_parameters()

    def initialize_parameters(self, input) -> None:  # type: ignore[override]
        if self.has_uninitialized_params():
            with torch.no_grad():
                self.in_features = input.shape[-1]
                self.weight.materialize((self.out_features, self.in_features))
                if self.bias is not None:
                    self.bias.materialize((self.out_features,))
                self.reset_parameters()
# TODO: PartialLinear - maybe in sparse?