目录
2.Principles of effective writing（高效写作的准则）
4.1 Advantages of the active voice.（使用主动形式的好处）
4.2 Tips for writing with verbs
4.3 Is it okay to use passive voice/I/We?（在文章中可以使用被动语态和I/we人称代词吗？）
1.What makes a good writer?
- Having something to say（有话可说）
- logical thinking（逻辑思维）
- A few simple, learnable rules of style(一些简单规则)
2.Principles of effective writing（高效写作的准则）
- Cut unnecessary words and phrases(把不必要的单词和短语去掉)
- Use the active voice(使用主动形式)
- Write with verbs: use strong verbs, avoid turning verbs into nouns, and do not bury the main verb.（用强动词来写作）
3. How to cut words?
3.1 Common clutter（常见的冗余）
- Deadweight words and phrases: As it is well known（不必要的单词和短语，存不存在句子正常进行）
- Empty words and phrases: basic tenets of, methodologic, important（空话）
- Long words or phrases that could be short（可以变得更短的不要说太长，如in addtion -->besides）
- Unnecessary jargon and acronyms(没有必要的行话和缩写词)
- Repetitive words or phrases: successful solutions（重复含义的单词，例如解决方法没有不成功的）
- Adverbs: very, really, quite（一些副词）
3.2 A few other small tricks
- Eliminate negatives(not)（去掉否定形式，变成肯定形式）
eg: not harmfulàsafe, did not pay attention to àignore
- Eliminate superfluous uses of “there are/is”（去掉there is 句型）
eg: There was a long line of bacteria on the plate. à Bacteria lined the plate.
- Omit needless prepositions(that/on) （去掉不必要的介词）
eg: They agreed that it was true. à They agreed it was true.
4.Verbs（动词）
4.1 Advantages of the active voice.（使用主动形式的好处）
- Emphases responsibility(明确责任方)
- Improves readability（提高可读性）
- Reduces ambiguity(help you cut the extra words and forces you to be direct)（减少歧义，能用更少的单词更准确表达）
4.2 Tips for writing with verbs
- use strong verbs. Verbs make sentences go, pick the right verb, use “to be” verbs sparingly and purposefully.（用一些强动词，动词让句子读起来更顺畅，不要老是用be，to be这些无聊的动词）
- avoid turning verbs into nouns（尽量避免将动词转成名词的用法）
- do not bury the main verbs(keep the subject and main verb close together at the start of the sentence, readers are waiting for the verb)（在句子开始尽快出现动词，让动词和主语离近点，读者正在等动词来更顺畅理解）
4.3 Is it okay to use passive voice/I/We?（在文章中可以使用被动语态和I/we人称代词吗？）
Yes! The passive voice exists in the English language for a reason. Just use it sparingly and purposefully. For example, passive voice may be appropriate in the methods section where what was done is more important than who did it.
human agents are responsible for designing experiments, and they are present in the laboratory; writing awkward phrases to avoid admitting their responsibility and their presence is an odd way of being objective.
（可以，被动语态可以在方法章节更多被用到，当事情的结果比由谁实施更重要时，被动语态就可以被使用。也可以使用人称代词，但要有目的地谨慎使用）
5.Punctuation（标点符号的妙用）
5.1 semicolon(;)（分号）
- The semicolon connects two independent clauses. (a clause contains a subject and predicate, an independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence)（分号连接两个独立的从句，分号分隔效果比冒号、逗号强）
- Semicolon also used to separate items in lists(The “rule of three’s” for lists and examples) that contain internal punctuation.（被分割的句子或短语中本身包含逗号时，分号可以用来分割他们）
5.2parenthesis(()) 括号
- Use parenthesis to insert an afterthought or explanation(a word, phrase, or sentence) into a passage that is grammatically complete without it. 括号里内容可以删除依旧没有语法错误，括号里可以是一个完整的句子，放在括号中暗示不重要
5.3 colon(:) 冒号
- Use a colon after an independent clause to introduce a list, quote, explanation, conclusion, or amplification.
5.4 Dash 破折号
- Use the dash to add emphasis or to insert an abrupt description almost anywhere in the sentence. Just do not overuse it, or loses its impact.不要滥用破折号
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