高数 07.05 隐函数的求导方法

$\color{blue}{\S 第七章 第五节 隐函数的求导方法}$

$定理1.设函数F(x, y)在点P(x_0, y_0)的某一邻域内满足\\ (1)具有连续的偏导数;\\ (2)F(x_0, y_0) = 0; \\ (3)F_y(x_0, y_0) \neq 0 \\ 则方程F(x, y) = 0在点x_0的某邻域内可唯一确定一个单\\ 值连续函数y = f(x),满足条件y_0 = f(x_0),并有连续导数\\ \dfrac{dy}{dx} = -\dfrac{F_x}{F_y}$
$定理证明从略,仅从求导公式推导如下:\\ 设y = f(x)为方程F(x, y) = 0所确定的隐函数,则\\ F(x, f(x)) \equiv 0 \\ \qquad \downarrow 两边对x求导\\ \dfrac{\partial F}{\partial x} + \dfrac{\partial F}{\partial y}\dfrac{d y}{d x} \equiv 0 \\ \quad \downarrow 在(x_0, y_0)的某邻域内F_y \neq 0 \\ \dfrac{dy}{dx} = -\dfrac{F_x}{F_y}$

$例1.验证方程\sin{y} + e^x - xy - 1 = 0 在点(0, 0)\\ 的某邻域可确定一个单值可导隐函数y = f(x),并求\\ \left. \dfrac{dy}{dx} \right| _ {x = 0} , \left. \dfrac{d^2 y}{d x^2} \right | _ {x = 0}$
$解: \\ 令F(x, y) = \sin{y} + e^x -xy - 1, \\ \dfrac{\partial F}{\partial x} = e^x -y \\ \dfrac{\partial F}{\partial y} = \cos{y} -x \\ F_y | _ {x = 0} = 1 \neq 0 \\ \dfrac{dy}{dx} = -\dfrac{F_x}{F_y} = -\dfrac{e^x - y}{\cos{y} - x} \\ \left. \dfrac{dy}{dx} \right| _{x = 0} = -\dfrac{e^0 - 0}{\cos{0} - 0} = -1 \\ \dfrac{d^2 y}{d x^2} = (-\dfrac{e^x - y}{\cos{y} - x})_x^{\prime} \\ = -\dfrac{(e^x - y)_x^{\prime}(\cos{y} - x) - (e^x - y)(\cos{y} - x)_x^{\prime}}{(\cos{y} - x)^2} \\ = -\dfrac{(e^x - y^{\prime})(\cos{y} - x) + (e^x - y)(\sin{y} + 1)}{(\cos{y} - x)^2} \\ \left. \dfrac{d^2 y}{d x^2} \right| _{x = 0} = -\dfrac{(e^0 + 1)(\cos{0} - 0) + (e^0 - 0)(\sin{0} + 1)}{(\cos{0} - 0)^2} \\ = -3$

$\color{blue}{\S 第七章 第五节 隐函数的求导方法}$

$定理2.若函数F(x, y, z)满足:\\ (1)在点P(x_0, y_0, z_0)的某个邻域内具有连续偏导数,\\ (2)F(x_0, y_0, z_0) = 0 \\ (3)F_z(x_0, y_0, z_0) \neq 0\\ 则方程F(x, y, z) = 0在点(x_0, y_0)某一邻域内可唯一确定\\ 一个单值连续函数z = f(x, y), 满足z_0 = f(x_0, y_0),并有\\ 连续偏导数\\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = -\dfrac{F_x}{F_z}, \quad \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = -\dfrac{F_y}{F_z}$
$定理证明从略，仅就求导公式推导如下:$
$设z = f(x, y)是方程F(x, y) = 0所确定的隐函数,则\\ F(x, y, f(x, y)) \equiv 0 \\ \quad \downarrow 两边对x求偏导\\ F_x \dfrac{\partial x}{\partial x} + F_y\dfrac{\partial y}{\partial x} + F_z \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} \equiv 0 \\ F_x + F_z \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} \equiv 0 \\ \quad \downarrow 在(x_0, y_0, z_0)的某邻域内F_z \neq 0 \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = -\dfrac{F_x}{F_z} \\ 同理可得 \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = -\dfrac{F_y}{F_z}$

$例2.设x^2 + y^2 + z^2 - 4z = 0, 求\dfrac{\partial ^2 z} {\partial x^2}$
$解:\\ 解法1:利用隐函数求导\\ 2x + 2z \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} - 4\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = 0 \rightarrow \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = \dfrac{x}{2 - z} \\ \quad \downarrow 再对x求导\\ 2 + 2(\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x})^2 + 2z \dfrac{\partial ^2 z}{\partial x^2} - 4\dfrac{\partial ^2 z}{\partial x^2} = 0 \\ \dfrac{\partial ^2 z}{\partial x^2} = \dfrac{1 + (\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x})^2}{2 - z} = \dfrac{(2 - z)^2 + x^2}{(2 - z)^3} \\ 解法2：\\ 令F(x, y, z) = x^2 + y^2 + z^2 - 4z = 0 \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = -\dfrac{F_x}{F_z} = -\dfrac{2x}{2z -4} = \dfrac{x}{2 - z}\\ \dfrac{\partial ^2 z} {\partial x^2} = \dfrac{\partial}{\partial x}(\dfrac{x}{2-z}) \\ = \dfrac{(x)^{\prime}(2-z) - x(2 - z)^{\prime}}{(2-z)^2} \\ = \dfrac{1(2-z) + x \cdot \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}}{(2-z)^2} \\ = \dfrac{1(2-z) + x \cdot \dfrac{x}{2 - z}}{(2-z)^2} \\ = \dfrac{(2-z)^2 + x^2}{(2-z)^3}$

内容小结
1.隐函数存在定理
2.隐函数求导方法
方法1.利用复合函数求导法则直接计算;
方法2.代公式
方法1.利用复合函数求导法则直接计算;
方法2.代公式

练习
$1.求由方程x + y = xe^y 所确定的隐函数y = y(x)的导数$
$解：\\ F(x, y) = x + y - xe^y = 0\\ F_x^{\prime}(x, y) = 1 - e^y \\ F_y^{\prime}(x, y) = 1 -xe^y \\ \dfrac{dy}{dx} = -\dfrac{F_x^{\prime} }{F_y^{\prime} } = -\dfrac{1 - e^y}{1 -xe^y} \\ 解法2:\\ 方程两端对x求导得\\ 1 + y^{\prime} = e^y + xe^y y^{\prime} \\ y^{\prime} = \dfrac{e^y - 1}{1 - xe^y}$

$2.求由方程x + y + z = e^z所确定的隐函数z = z(x, y)的一阶偏导数$
$解:\\ 令F(x, y, z) = x + y + z - e^z = 0\\ F_x^{\prime}(x, y, z) = 1 \\ F_y^{\prime}(x, y, z) = 1 \\ F_z^{\prime}(x, y, z) = 1 - e^z \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = -\dfrac{F_x^{\prime}}{F_z^{\prime}} = \dfrac{1}{e^z - 1} \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = -\dfrac{F_y^{\prime}}{F_z^{\prime}} = \dfrac{1}{e^z - 1}$

$3.求由方程x^2z + 2y^2z^2 + y = 0所确定的隐函数z = z(x, y)的一阶偏导数$
$解:令F(x, y, z) = x^2z + 2y^2z^2 + y \\ F_x^{\prime} = 2xz\\ F_y^{\prime} = 4yz^2 + 1 \\ F_z^{\prime} = x^2 + 4y^2z \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = -\dfrac{F_x^{\prime}}{F_z^{\prime}} = -\dfrac{2xz}{x^2 + 4y^2z} \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = -\dfrac{F_y^{\prime}}{F_z^{\prime}} = -\dfrac{4yz^2 + 1}{x^2 + 4y^2z} \\ 解法2：\\ 方程两端对x求偏导\\ 2xz + x^2\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} + 4yz^2 \dfrac{\partial y}{\partial x} + 4y^2z \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} + \dfrac{\partial y}{\partial x} = 0 \\ 2xz + (x^2 + 4y^2z)\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = 0 \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = -\dfrac{2xz}{x^2 + 4y^2z} \\ 方程两端对y求偏导\\ 2xz \dfrac{\partial x}{\partial y} + x^2 \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} + 4yz^2 + 4y^2z \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} + 1 = 0 \\ (x^2 + 4y^2z)\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} + 4yz^2 + 1 = 0 \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = -\dfrac{4yz^2 + 1}{x^2 + 4y^2z}$