# 主题模型TopicModel：LDA主题模型的评估

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## 基础知识：熵

[熵与互信息]

Perplexity定义

perplexity是一种信息理论的测量方法，b的perplexity值定义为基于b的熵的能量（b可以是一个概率分布，或者概率模型），通常用于概率模型的比较

wiki上列举了三种perplexity的计算：

1 概率分布的perplexity

2 概率模型的perplexity

A model of an unknown probability distribution p, may be proposed based on a training sample that was drawn fromp. Given a proposed probability modelq, one may evaluateq by asking how well it predicts a separate test samplex1,x2, ...,xN also drawn fromp. The perplexity of the modelq is defined as

$b^{- \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^N \log_b q(x_i)}$

where $b$ is customarily 2. Better modelsq of the unknown distributionp will tend to assign higher probabilitiesq(xi) to the test events. Thus, they have lower perplexity: they are less surprised by the test sample.

The exponent above may be regarded as the average number of bits needed to represent a test eventxi if one uses an optimal code based onq. Low-perplexity models do a better job of compressing the test sample, requiring few bits per test element on average becauseq(xi) tends to be high.

$H(\tilde{p},q) = -\sum_x \tilde{p}(x) \log_2 q(x)$
where $\tilde{p}$ denotes the empirical distribution of the test sample (i.e.,$\tilde{p}(x) = n/N$ ifx appeared n times in the test sample of size N)

3单词的perplexity

perplexity经常用于语言模型的评估，物理意义是单词的编码大小。例如，如果在某个测试语句上，语言模型的perplexity值为2^190，说明该句子的编码需要190bits

LDA主题模型好坏的评估，判断改进的参数或者算法的建模能力。

perplexity is only a crude measure, it's helpful (when using LDA) to get 'close' to the appropriate number of topics in a corpus.

Blei先生在论文《Latent Dirichlet Allocation》实验中用的是Perplexity值作为评判标准，并在论文里只列出了perplexity的计算公式。

Note:M代表测试语料集的文本数量，Nd代表第d篇文本的大小（即单词的个数），P(Wd)代表文本的概率

p(z)表示的是文本d在该主题z上的分布，应该是p(z|d)

Note

1. Blei是从每篇文本的角度来计算perplexity的，而上面是从单词的角度计算perplexity。

2. 测试文本集中有M篇文本，对词袋模型里的任意一个单词w，P(w)=∑z p(z|d)*p(w|z)，即该词在所有主题分布值和该词所在文本的主题分布乘积。

3. 模型的perplexity就是exp^{ - (∑log(p(w))) / (N) }，∑log(p(w))是对所有单词取log（直接相乘一般都转化成指数和对数的计算形式），N的测试集的单词数量（不排重）

4. P(w)=∑z p(z|d)*p(w|z)这个w是测试集上的词汇

[http://faculty.cs.byu.edu/~ringger/CS601R/papers/Heinrich-GibbsLDA.pdf - 29页]

Estimate the perplexity within gensim

The LdaModel.bound() method computes a lower bound on perplexity, based on a supplied corpus (~of held-out documents).
This is the method used in Hoffman&Blei&Bach in their "Online Learning for LDA" NIPS article.

you can also use model.log_perplexity(heldout), which is a convenience wrapper.

[Questions find in : the mailing list of gensim]

# 评价一个语言模型Evaluating Language

a good model should assign as high probability as possible to these test data sentences.

,this value as being a measure of how well the alleviate to make sth less painful or difficult to deal with language model predict these test data sentences.

The higher the better.

• 实际上，普遍的评价的指标是perplexity

• 我们现在有一个单词集V，N=|V|+1

Perplexity是测试branching factor的数值。

branching factor又是什么呢？有的翻译为分叉率。如果branching factor高，计算起来代价会越大。也可以理解成，分叉率越高，可能性就越多，需要计算的量就越大。

• Goodman的结果，其中|V|=50000，在trigram model的中，Perplexity=74
• 在bigram model中，，Perplexity=137
• 在unigram model中，，perplexity=955

# Topic Coherence

[Optimizing semantic coherence in topic models.]

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/19615951/topic-models-evaluation-in-gensim

http://www.52ml.net/14623.html

Ngram model and perplexity in NLTK

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/221484800_Improving_language_model_perplexity_and_recognition_accuracy_for_medical_dictations_via_within-domain_interpolation_with_literal_and_semi-literal_corpora

Investigating the relationship between language model perplexity and IR precision-recall measures.

LDA/NMF/LSA多模型/多主题一致性评价方法《Exploring topic coherence over many models and many topics》K Stevens, P Kegelmeyer, D Andrzejewski... [University of California Los Angeles] (2012)  GITHUB

Notes on A note on the evaluation of generative models by Hugo Larochelle

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