void glVertexAttrib1f(GLuint index, GLfloat x);
void glVertexAttrib2f(GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y);
void glVertexAttrib3f(GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
void glVertexAttrib4f(GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z,GLfloat w);
void glVertexAttrib1fv(GLuint index, const GLfloat *values);
void glVertexAttrib2fv(GLuint index, const GLfloat *values);
void glVertexAttrib3fv(GLuint index, const GLfloat *values);
void glVertexAttrib4fv(GLuint index, const GLfloat *values);
三、 如何装载顶点数据？（Vertex Arrays）
Vertex Array（顶点数组）：是一个存储在应用程序空间（Client）中的内存buffer，它存储了每个顶点的属性数据。
如何把顶点数据组的数据传递给GPU呢？
void glVertexAttribPointer(GLuint index,
GLint size, //每个属性元素个数有效值1-4（x,y,z,w）
GLenum type,
GLboolean normalized,
GLsizei stride, //如果数据连续存放，则为0
const void *ptr) //顶点数组指针
举例如下：
GLfloat vVertices[] = { 0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f };
// Set the viewport
glViewport ( 0, 0, esContext->width, esContext->height );
// Clear the color buffer
glClear ( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT );
// Use the program object
glUseProgram (programObject );
// Load the vertex data
glVertexAttribPointer ( 0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, vVertices );
四、顶点属性数据存储方式
1.一个顶点的所有属性存储在一起（Array of Structures）
如下图所示，顶点的位置(x,y,z)、法线(x,y,z)和两个纹理坐标(s,t)存储在一起，如下图所示：
例子代码如下（当然，此代码在CPU上运动）：
#define VERTEX_POS_SIZE 3 // x, y and z
#define VERTEX_NORMAL_SIZE 3 // x, y and z
#define VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_SIZE 2 // s and t
#define VERTEX_TEXCOORD1_SIZE 2 // s and t
#define VERTEX_POS_INDX 0
#define VERTEX_NORMAL_INDX 1
#define VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_INDX 2
#define VERTEX_TEXCOORD1_INDX 3
// the following 4 defines are used to determine location of various
// attributes if vertex data is are stored as an array of structures
#define VERTEX_POS_OFFSET 0
#define VERTEX_NORMAL_OFFSET 3
#define VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_OFFSET 6
#define VERTEX_TEXCOORD1_OFFSET 8
#define VERTEX_ATTRIB_SIZE VERTEX_POS_SIZE + \
VERTEX_NORMAL_SIZE + \
VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_SIZE + \
VERTEX_TEXCOORD1_SIZE
float *p = malloc(numVertices * VERTEX_ATTRIB_SIZE
* sizeof(float));
// position is vertex attribute 0
glVertexAttribPointer(VERTEX_POS_INDX, VERTEX_POS_SIZE,
GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE,
VERTEX_ATTRIB_SIZE * sizeof(float),
p+VERTEX_POS_OFFSET);
// normal is vertex attribute 1
glVertexAttribPointer(VERTEX_NORMAL_INDX, VERTEX_NORMAL_SIZE,
GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE,
VERTEX_ATTRIB_SIZE * sizeof(float),
(p + VERTEX_NORMAL_OFFSET));
// texture coordinate 0 is vertex attribute 2
glVertexAttribPointer(VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_INDX, VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_SIZE,
GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE,
VERTEX_ATTRIB_SIZE * sizeof(float),
(p + VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_OFFSET));
// texture coordinate 1 is vertex attribute 3
glVertexAttribPointer(VERTEX_TEXCOORD1_INDX, VERTEX_TEXCOORD1_SIZE,
GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE,
VERTEX_ATTRIB_SIZE * sizeof(float),
(p + VERTEX_TEXCOORD1_OFFSET));
2. 顶点的每个属性单独存储（Structure of Arrays）
例子代码如下（当然，此代码在CPU上运动）：
#define VERTEX_POS_SIZE 3 // x, y and z
#define VERTEX_NORMAL_SIZE 3 // x, y and z
#define VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_SIZE 2 // s and t
#define VERTEX_TEXCOORD1_SIZE 2 // s and t
#define VERTEX_POS_INDX 0
#define VERTEX_NORMAL_INDX 1
#define VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_INDX 2
#define VERTEX_TEXCOORD1_INDX 3
#define VERTEX_ATTRIB_SIZE VERTEX_POS_SIZE + \
VERTEX_NORMAL_SIZE + \
VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_SIZE + \
VERTEX_TEXCOORD1_SIZE
float *position = malloc(numVertices * VERTEX_POS_SIZE *
sizeof(float));
float *normal = malloc(numVertices * VERTEX_NORMAL_SIZE *
sizeof(float));
float *texcoord0 = malloc(numVertices * VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_SIZE *
sizeof(float));
float *texcoord1 = malloc(numVertices * VERTEX_TEXCOORD1_SIZE *
sizeof(float));
// position is vertex attribute 0
glVertexAttribPointer(VERTEX_POS_INDX, VERTEX_POS_SIZE,
GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE,
VERTEX_POS_SIZE * sizeof(float), position);
// normal is vertex attribute 1
glVertexAttribPointer(VERTEX_NORMAL_INDX, VERTEX_NORMAL_SIZE,
GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE,
VERTEX_NORMAL_SIZE * sizeof(float), normal);
// texture coordinate 0 is vertex attribute 2
glVertexAttribPointer(VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_INDX, VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_SIZE,
GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_SIZE *
sizeof(float), texcoord0);
// texture coordinate 1 is vertex attribute 3
glVertexAttribPointer(VERTEX_TEXCOORD1_INDX, VERTEX_TEXCOORD1_SIZE,
GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE,
VERTEX_TEXCOORD1_SIZE * sizeof(float), //也可为0，因为数据是紧接着存放的
texcoord1);
3. 哪种顶点属性数据存储方式在GPU上性能更好？
答案是：
把一个顶点的所有属性放在一起（array of structures）。其原因是每个顶点的属性数据以连续的方式读取，使内存访问效率更高。其缺点是，如果要修改其中部分属性数据，将导致整个属性buffer全部重新装载，解决此问题的方法是把这些需要动态修改的属性数据放在单独的buffer中。
五、 顶点属性数据类型优化
顶点属性数据类型不会影响在GPU上每个顶点占用的内存，但在Render a Frame时，它影响CPU与GPU之间的内存带宽。推荐尽量使用GL_HALF_FLOAT_OES。
六、glVertexAttribPointer中的归一化参数
如果normalized为GL_FALSE：则直接把数据转换为GLfloat，因为Vertex Shader内部把顶点属性当作GLfloat（32位）来进行存储。
GL_BYTE, GL_SHORT or GL_FIXED被归一化为[-1，1]；GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE or GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT被归一化为[0.0，1.0]。具体转换公式为：
七、选择常量或顶点数组Vertex Attribute
可通过以下函数来Enable或Disable顶点数组（Vertex Array）。
void glEnableVertexAttribArray(GLuint index);
void glDisableVertexAttribArray(GLuint index);
其关系如下图所示：
八、申明attribute变量（在Vertex Shader中）
Attribute变量的数据类型只能为：float, vec2,vec3, vec4, mat2, mat3, and mat4；Attribute变量不能为数组或结构。如下面的申明是错误的：
attribute foo_t a_A; // foo_t is a structure
attribute vec4 a_B[10];
每个GPU支持GL_MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS vec4。float、vec2和vec3也被当作一个vec4来进行存储；mat2、mat3、mat4被分别当作2、3、和4个vec4来进行存储。
九、把“顶点属性索引”绑定到“顶点属性名”
把“顶点属性索引”绑定到“顶点属性名”有以下两个方法：
1）
OpenGL ES 2.0
把“顶点属性索引”绑定到“顶点属性名”，当link program时，OpengGL ES 2.0执行此绑定。然后应用程序通过glGetAttribLocation（失败时返回-1）获取“顶点属性索引”。
GLint glGetAttribLocation(GLuint program, const GLchar *name)
2）
应用程序通过glBindAttribLocation
把“顶点属性索引”绑定到“顶点属性名”，glBindAttribLocation在program被link之前执行。
void glBindAttribLocation(GLuint program, GLuint index,const GLchar *name)
在link program时，OpenGL ES 2.0对每个定点属性执行如下操作：
（1）首先检查属性变量是否被通过glBindAttribLocation绑定了属性索引，如果是，则使用此绑定的属性索引；否则，为之分配一个属性索引
。
十、顶点buffer对象（Vertex Buffer Objects）
顶点数组（Vertex Array）被保存在客户端内存，当执行glDrawArrays 或 glDrawElements时，才把它们从客户端内存copy到图形内存。这样占用了大量的内存带宽，Vertex Buffer Objects允许OpengGL ES2.0应用在高性能的图形内存中分配并cache顶点数据，然后从此图形内存中执行render，这样避免了每次画一个原语都要重发送数据。
Vertex Buffer Objects有以下两种类型：
（1）array buffer objects：通过GL_ARRAY_BUFFER标记创建，并存储vertex data。
（2）element array buffer objects：通过GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER标记创建，并存储indices of a primitive。
创建和绑定Vertex Buffer Objects例子代码如下：
void initVertexBufferObjects(vertex_t *vertexBuffer,
GLushort *indices,
GLuint numVertices, GLuint numIndices
GLuint *vboIds)
{
glGenBuffers(2, vboIds);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboIds[0]);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, numVertices * sizeof(vertex_t),
vertexBuffer, GL_STATIC_DRAW); //save vertex attribute data
// bind buffer object for element indices
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboIds[1]);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER,
numIndices * sizeof(GLushort),indices,
GL_STATIC_DRAW); // save element indices that make up the primitive
}
有无Vertex Buffer Object画图例子：
#define VERTEX_POS_SIZE 3 // x, y and z
#define VERTEX_NORMAL_SIZE 3 // x, y and z
#define VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_SIZE 2 // s and t
#define VERTEX_POS_INDX 0
#define VERTEX_NORMAL_INDX 1
#define VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_INDX 2
//
// vertices – pointer to a buffer that contains vertex attribute
data
// vtxStride – stride of attribute data / vertex in bytes
// numIndices – number of indices that make up primitive
// drawn as triangles
// indices - pointer to element index buffer.
//
void drawPrimitiveWithoutVBOs(GLfloat *vertices, GLint vtxStride,
GLint numIndices, GLushort *indices)
{
GLfloat *vtxBuf = vertices;
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(VERTEX_POS_INDX);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(VERTEX_NORMAL_INDX);
glEnableVertexAttribArray{VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_INDX);
glVertexAttribPointer(VERTEX_POS_INDX, VERTEX_POS_SIZE,
GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, vtxStride, vtxBuf);
vtxBuf += VERTEX_POS_SIZE;
glVertexAttribPointer(VERTEX_NORMAL_INDX, VERTEX_NORMAL_SIZE,
GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, vtxStride, vtxBuf);
vtxBuf += VERTEX_NORMAL_SIZE;
glVertexAttribPointer(VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_INDX,
VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_SIZE, GL_FLOAT,
GL_FALSE, vtxStride, vtxBuf);
glBindAttribLocation(program, VERTEX_POS_INDX, "v_position");
glBindAttribLocation(program, VERTEX_NORMAL_INDX, "v_normal");
glBindAttribLocation(program, VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_INDX,"v_texcoord");
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, numIndices, GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT,indices);
}
void drawPrimitiveWithVBOs(GLint numVertices, GLfloat *vtxBuf,
GLint vtxStride, GLint numIndices,
GLushort *indices)
{
GLuint offset = 0;
GLuint vboIds[2];
// vboIds[0] – used to store vertex attribute data
// vboIds[1] – used to store element indices
glGenBuffers(2, vboIds);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboIds[0]);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vtxStride * numVertices,
vtxBuf, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboIds[1]);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER,
sizeof(GLushort) * numIndices,
indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(VERTEX_POS_INDX);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(VERTEX_NORMAL_INDX);
glEnableVertexAttribArray{VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_INDX);
glVertexAttribPointer(VERTEX_POS_INDX, VERTEX_POS_SIZE,
GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, vtxStride,
(const void*)offset);
offset += VERTEX_POS_SIZE * sizeof(GLfloat);
glVertexAttribPointer(VERTEX_NORMAL_INDX, VERTEX_NORMAL_SIZE,
GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, vtxStride,
(const void*)offset);
offset += VERTEX_NORMAL_SIZE * sizeof(GLfloat);
glVertexAttribPointer(VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_INDX,
VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_SIZE,
GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, vtxStride,
(const void*)offset);
glBindAttribLocation(program, VERTEX_POS_INDX, "v_position");
glBindAttribLocation(program, VERTEX_NORMAL_INDX, "v_normal");
glBindAttribLocation(program, VERTEX_TEXCOORD0_INDX,"v_texcoord");
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, numIndices, GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0);
glDeleteBuffers(2, vboIds);
}
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