无穷小微积分严谨的概念体系与独特的理论架构

无穷小微积分严谨的概念体系与独特的理论架构   

上世纪著名的大数学家Tarsky（1901-1983）的高徒、模型论专家J.Keisler（1936.12.3 - ），多年潜心研究A.Robinson(1918-1974)关于实无穷小的理论。在此基础上，经过4年多的教学实践，积累经验，在其讲稿的基础上，进过多次反复修改，精心编排、写作《基础微积分》（ElementaryCalculus），全球发行，影响巨大，意义深远。

现附上《基础微积分》的章节目录。该目录电子文件相当珍贵（转录不易），值得保存、研究。

说明：这份目录大纲就是无穷小放飞互联网的基本依据。现在，我们亮出了“底牌”，完全不同于国内的微积分体制（仿原苏联微积分体系）。

认真学习无穷小微积分，站得高，望的远。

袁萌  9月26日

        

CONTENTS  

INTRODUCTION                 xiii

1 REAL AND HYPERREAL NUMBERS            1

1.1 The Real Line

1.2 Functions ofReal Numbers           6

1.3 Straight Lines                     16

1.4 Slope andVelocity; The Hyperreal Line 21

1.5 Infinitesimal,Finite, and Infinite Numbers 27

1.6 Standard Parts                    35

Extra Problemsfor Chapter 1            41

2 DIFFERENTIATION                      43

2.1 Derivatives                       43

2.2 Differentials andTangent Lines       53

2.3 Derivatives ofRational Functions     60

2.4 Inverse Functions                 70

2.5 TranscendentalFunctions           78

2.6 Chain Rule                       85

2.7Higher Derivatives                  94

2.8 Implicit Functions                  97

Extra Problemsfor Chapter 2           103

3 CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS              105

3.1 How to Set Upa Problem          105

3.2 Related Rates                   110

3.3  Limits                      117

3.4 Continuity                     124

3.5Maxima andMinima             134

3.6Maxima andMinima Applications  144

3.7Derivatives andCurve Sketching   151

3.8Properties ofContinuous Functions  159

ExtraProblemsforChapter3            171

4 INTEGRATION                        175

4.1 The DefiniteIntegral              175

4.2 Fundamental Theoremof Calculus   186

4.3Indefinite Integrals                198

4.4Integration byChange of Variables    209

4.5Area between TwoCurves          218

4.6 Numerical Integration             224

Extra Problemsfor Chapter 4          234

5 LIMITS,ANALYTIC GEOMETRY, AND APPROXIMATIONS 237

5.1 Infinite Limits                    237

5.2 L’Hospital’sRule                  242

5.3 Limits andCurve Sketching         248

5.4Parabolas                       256

5.5 Ellipses andHyperbolas           264

5.6 Second DegreeCurves            272

5.7 Rotation ofAxes                 276

5.8 The ε, δ Conditionfor Limits        282

5.9Newton’s Method                289

5.10 Derivatives andIncrements       294

Extra Problemsfor Chapter 5          300

6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL        302

6.1 Infinite SumTheorem           302

6.2 Volumes ofSolids of Revolution   308

6.3 Length of aCurve               319

6.4 Area of aSurface of Revolution    327

6.5 Averages                      336

6.6 Some Applicationsto Physics      341

6.7 Improper integrals              351

Extra Problems forChapter 6        362

7 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS         365

7.1 Trigonometry                  365

7.2 Derivatives ofTrigonometric Functions 373

7.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions    381

7.4 Integration byParts              391

7.5 Integrals of Powers ofTrigonometric Functions   397

7.6 TrigonometricSubstitutions         402

7.7 Polar Coordinates                 406

7.8 Slopes andCurve Sketching in Polar Coordinates   412

7.9 Area in PolarCoordinates          420

7.10 Length of aCurve in Polar Coordinates 425

Extra Problemsfor Chapter7          428

8 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 431

8.1 Exponential Functions             431

8.2 Logarithmic Functions             436

8.3 Derivatives ofExponential Functions and the Number e                           441

8.4 Some Uses ofExponential Functions  449

8.5  Natural Logarithms              454

8.6 Some DifferentialEquations        461

8.7 Derivatives andIntegrals Involving In x  469

8.8 Integrationof Rational Functions    474

8.9 Methods ofIntegration           481

Extra Problems for Chapter 8             489

9 INFINITE SERIES                      492

9.1  series                       492

9.2 Series                         501

9.3 Properties ofInfinite Series        507

9.4 Series withPositive Terms         511

9.5 Alternating Series               517

9.6 AbsoluteandConditional Convergence 521

9.7 Power Series                     528

9.8 Derivatives andIntegrals of Power Series 533

9.9 Approximationsby Power Series     540

9.10 Taylor’sFormula                 547

9.11 Taylor Series                    554

Extra Problems forChapter 9          561

10 VECTORS                          564

10.1 Vector Algebra                  564

10.2 Vectors andPlane Geometry      576

10.3 Vectors andLines in Space       585

10.4 Products ofVectors            593

10.5 Planes inSpace               604

10.6 Vector ValuedFunctions        615

10.7 Vector Derivatives               620

10.8 Hyperreal Vectors               627

Extra Problems for Chapter10         635

11 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION            639

11.1 Surfaces                       639

11.2 Continuous Functionsof Two or More Variables                             651

11.3 Partial Derivatives             656

11.4 Total Differentialsand Tangent Planes 662

11.5 Chain Rule                     671

11.6 Implicit Functions               678

11.7 Maxima andMinima            688

11.8 Higher PartialDerivatives          702

Extra Problems for Chapter 11              708

12  MULTIPLE  INTEGRALS                711

12.1 Double Integrals                711

12.2 Iterated Integrals               724

12.3 Infinite SumTheorem and Volume  736

12.4 Applicationsto Physics           743

1 2.5 Double Integrals inPolar Coordinates  749

12.6 Triple Integrals                  757

12.7 Cylindrical and SphericalCoordinates769

Extra Problemsfor Chapter 12          783

13 VECTOR CALCULUS                   785

13.1 Directional Derivativesand Gradients785

13.2Line Integrals                    793

13.3Independence ofPath            805

13.4Green’sTheorem               815

13.5 Surface Areaand Surface Integrals  824

13.6 Theorems ofStokes and Gauss       832

Extra Problemsfor Chapter 13        842

14 DIFFERENTIAL  EQUATIONS           846

14.1 Equations withSeparable Variables    846

14.2 First OrderHomogeneous Linear Equations 852

14.3 First OrderLinear Equations     857

14.4 ExistenceandApproximation of Solutions 864

14.5 Complex Numbers             874

14.6 Second OrderHomogeneous Linear Equations 881

14.7 Second OrderLinear Equations    892

Extra Problemsfor Chapter 14        900

EPILOGUE（后记）                    902

APPENDIX: TABLES                     A1

I TrigonometricFunctions           A1

П Greek                         A2

Ⅲ  Exponential Functions          A3

Ⅳ NaturalLogarithms             A3

Ⅴ Powers andRoots              A4

ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS       A5

INDEX                                  A5

（全文完）