【网络编程开发】14.广播和组播

14.广播和组播

什么是广播

• 数据包发送方式只有一个接受方，称为单播
• 如果同时发给局域网中的所有主机，称为广播
• 只有用户数据报(使用UDP协议)套接字才能广播

广播地址

• 一个网络内主机号全为1的IP地址为广播地址
• 发到该地址的数据包被所有的主机接收
• 255.255.255.255在所有网段中都代表广播地址

实现广播

ifconfig 命令 查看广播ip

1. IP地址（inet addr）：192.168.19.139
2. 广播地址（Bcast）：192.168.19.255
3. 子网掩码（Mask）：255.255.255.0

设置允许广播

/*允许广播*/
int on = 1;
setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BROADCAST, &on, sizeof(on));

sender.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netinet/ip.h> /* superset of previous */
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <strings.h>
#include <string.h>

#define ErrExit(msg) do {perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE);} while(0)
typedef struct sockaddr Addr;
typedef struct sockaddr_in Addr_in;

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	int fd = -1;
	Addr_in peeraddr;
	socklen_t peerlen = sizeof(peeraddr);
	char buf[BUFSIZ] = {};
	/*参数检查*/
	if(argc < 3){
		fprintf(stderr, "%s<multiaddr><port>", argv[0]);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	/*创建套接字*/
	if( (fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0) ) < 0)
		ErrExit("socket");

	/*允许广播*/
	int on = 1;
	setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BROADCAST, &on, sizeof(on));

	/*设置通信结构体*/
	peeraddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
	peeraddr.sin_port = htons(atoi(argv[2]));
	if(!inet_aton(argv[1], &peeraddr.sin_addr) ){
		fprintf(stderr, "Invalid address\n");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	while(1){
		fgets(buf, BUFSIZ, stdin);
		sendto(fd, buf, strlen(buf)+1, 0, (Addr *)&peeraddr, peerlen);
	}
	return 0;
}

receive.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netinet/ip.h> /* superset of previous */
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <strings.h>

#define ErrExit(msg) do {perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE);} while(0)
typedef struct sockaddr Addr;
typedef struct sockaddr_in Addr_in;

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	int fd = -1;
	Addr_in myaddr, peeraddr;
	socklen_t peerlen = sizeof(peeraddr);
	char buf[BUFSIZ] = {};
	/*参数检查*/
	if(argc < 3){
		fprintf(stderr, "%s<addr><port>", argv[0]);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	/*创建套接字*/
	if( (fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0) ) < 0)
			ErrExit("socket");
	/*设置通信结构体*/
	myaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
	myaddr.sin_port = htons(atoi(argv[2]));
	if(!inet_aton(argv[1], &myaddr.sin_addr) ){
		fprintf(stderr, "Invalid address\n");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	/*绑定通信结构体*/
	if( bind(fd, (Addr *)&myaddr, sizeof(Addr_in)) )
		ErrExit("bind");
	while(1){
		recvfrom(fd, buf, BUFSIZ, 0, (Addr *)&peeraddr, &peerlen);
		printf("[%s:%d]%s\n", inet_ntoa(peeraddr.sin_addr), ntohs(peeraddr.sin_port), buf);
	}
	return 0;
}

1. 启动接收程序：
   • ./receiver 0 8080
2. 启动发送程序：
   • ./sender 192.168.19.255 8080
3. 开始发送数据

通信成功

什么是组播(多播)

• 在 IP 多播数据报的目的地址需要写入多播组的标识符。

• 多播组的标识符就是 IP 地址中的 D 类地址（多播地址）

  • 地址范围：224.0.0.0 ~ 239.255.255.255

• 每一个 D 类地址标志一个多播组。

• 多播地址只能用于目的地址，不能用于源地址。

组播实现步骤

1. 创建用户数据报套接字

2. 加入多播组

3. 绑定组播IP地址和端口

4. 等待接收数据

组播设置

方法1

使用结构体struct ip_mreqn

struct ip_mreqn {
    struct in_addr imr_multiaddr;  /*IP 组播组地址*/
    struct in_addr imr_address;   /*本地接口的IP地址*/
    int imr_ifindex;   /*本地网卡的编号*/
}

创建完套接字后，调用设置

if(setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, &mreq, sizeof(mreq)) < 0){
perror("setsockopt");
exit(0);
}

方法2

使用结构体struct ip_mreq

struct ip_mreq {
    struct in_addr imr_multiaddr;  /*IP 组播组地址*/
    struct in_addr imr_interface;   /*本地接口的IP地址*/
}

创建完套接字后，调用设置

if(setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, &mreq, sizeof(mreq)) < 0){
perror("setsockopt");
exit(0);
}

组播实现

receive.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netinet/ip.h> /* superset of previous */
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <strings.h>

#define ErrExit(msg) do {perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE);} while(0)
typedef struct sockaddr Addr;
typedef struct sockaddr_in Addr_in;

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	int fd = -1;
	Addr_in myaddr, peeraddr;
	socklen_t peerlen = sizeof(peeraddr);
	struct ip_mreqn mreq;
	char buf[BUFSIZ] = {};
	/*参数检查*/
	if(argc < 3){
		fprintf(stderr, "%s<addr><port>", argv[0]);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	/*创建套接字*/
	if( (fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0) ) < 0)
			ErrExit("socket");
	/*加入多播组*/
	bzero(&mreq, sizeof(mreq) );
	if(!inet_aton(argv[1], &mreq.imr_multiaddr) ){
		fprintf(stderr, "Invalid address\n");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	if(setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, &mreq, sizeof(mreq)) < 0){
		perror("setsockopt");
		exit(0);
	}

	/*设置通信结构体*/
	myaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
	myaddr.sin_port = htons(atoi(argv[2]));
	if(!inet_aton(argv[1], &myaddr.sin_addr) ){
		fprintf(stderr, "Invalid address\n");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	/*绑定通信结构体*/
	if( bind(fd, (Addr *)&myaddr, sizeof(Addr_in)) )
		ErrExit("bind");
	while(1){
		recvfrom(fd, buf, BUFSIZ, 0, (Addr *)&peeraddr, &peerlen);
		printf("[%s:%d]%s\n", inet_ntoa(peeraddr.sin_addr), ntohs(peeraddr.sin_port), buf);
	}
	return 0;
}

sender.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netinet/ip.h> /* superset of previous */
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <strings.h>
#include <string.h>

#define ErrExit(msg) do {perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE);} while(0)
typedef struct sockaddr Addr;
typedef struct sockaddr_in Addr_in;

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	int fd = -1;
	Addr_in peeraddr;
	socklen_t peerlen = sizeof(peeraddr);
	char buf[BUFSIZ] = {};
	/*参数检查*/
	if(argc < 3){
		fprintf(stderr, "%s<multiaddr><port>", argv[0]);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	/*创建套接字*/
	if( (fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0) ) < 0)
		ErrExit("socket");

	/*设置通信结构体*/
	peeraddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
	peeraddr.sin_port = htons(atoi(argv[2]));
	if(!inet_aton(argv[1], &peeraddr.sin_addr) ){
		fprintf(stderr, "Invalid address\n");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	while(1){
		fgets(buf, BUFSIZ, stdin);
		sendto(fd, buf, strlen(buf)+1, 0, (Addr *)&peeraddr, peerlen);
	}
	return 0;
}

使用在 224.0.0.0 ~ 239.255.255.255 范围内的地址

1. 启动接收端
   • ./receiver 239.10.10.2 8080
2. 启动发送段
   • ./sender 239.10.10.2 8080
3. 发送数据