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基于(最小均方)LMS算法和递归预测误差方法(RPEM)算法研究数字预失真(DPD)
💥1 概述
数字预失真(DPD)是一种基带信号处理技术，用于校正射频功率放大器(pa)固有的损伤。这些损伤导致带外发射或光谱再生和带内失真，这与误码率(BER)的增加有关。作为LTE/4G发射机的特点，具有高峰均比的宽带信号特别容易受到这些有害影响。在本文中，我们举例说明了一个建模和模拟PAs和dpd的工作流。本文所示的模型基于两篇技术论文[1]和[2]。我们从PA测量开始。从测量中，我们推导出基于内存多项式的静态DPD设计。这样的多项式校正了PA中的非线性和记忆效应。出于仿真目的，我们构建了一个系统级模型来评估DPD的有效性。由于任何PAs特性都会随时间和操作条件而变化，因此我们将静态DPD设计扩展为自适应设计。我们评估了两种自适应DPD设计，一种基于(最小均方)LMS算法，另一种使用递归预测误差方法(RPEM)算法。
详细讲解见第4部分。
基于(最小均方)LMS算法和递归预测误差方法(RPEM)算法研究数字预失真(DPD)
引言
数字预失真（DPD）是一种基带信号处理技术，主要用于校正射频功率放大器（PA）固有的非线性损伤和记忆效应。这些损伤会导致带外发射、光谱再生和带内失真，进而增加误码率（BER）。在LTE/4G等宽带通信系统中，具有高峰均比的信号特别容易受到这些影响。本文旨在探讨基于最小均方（LMS）算法和递归预测误差方法（RPEM）算法的数字预失真技术。
数字预失真（DPD）基础
定义与原理
数字预失真技术通过在信号进入功率放大器之前，预先引入一个与功率放大器非线性特性相反的失真，从而抵消功率放大器产生的失真。这种技术可以有效改善信号的线性度，降低误码率。
静态DPD设计
静态DPD设计通常基于内存多项式模型，通过测量功率放大器的输入输出数据，推导出相应的多项式系数，以校正功率放大器的非线性和记忆效应。然而，由于功率放大器的特性会随时间和操作条件变化，静态DPD设计在实际应用中往往难以达到理想的校正效果。
自适应DPD设计
为了克服静态DPD设计的局限性，本文研究了两种自适应DPD设计：基于最小均方（LMS）算法和递归预测误差方法（RPEM）算法。
最小均方（LMS）算法
LMS算法是一种自适应滤波器算法，通过最小化误差信号的均方值来调整滤波器系数，以匹配理想滤波器。在DPD应用中，LMS算法可以实时调整预失真器的系数，以适应功率放大器特性的变化。
算法原理
LMS算法的核心是梯度下降法，通过迭代更新滤波器系数，使误差信号的均方值最小化。具体地，算法根据当前误差信号和输入信号，计算滤波器系数的更新量，并更新滤波器系数。
优点与不足
LMS算法具有低计算复杂度、在平稳环境中收敛性好等优点。然而，当误差曲面特征值分布分散时，LMS算法的收敛速度可能较慢。
递归预测误差方法（RPEM）算法
RPEM算法是一种基于预测误差的递归算法，通过预测功率放大器的输出并计算预测误差，来更新预失真器的系数。
算法原理
RPEM算法首先根据功率放大器的历史输入输出数据，建立预测模型。然后，利用预测模型预测当前输出，并计算预测误差。最后，根据预测误差更新预失真器的系数。
优点与不足
RPEM算法能够较好地处理功率放大器的记忆效应，提高预失真效果。然而，算法复杂度较高，对计算资源要求较高。
实验与仿真
实验设置
为了验证LMS算法和RPEM算法在DPD中的效果，我们进行了仿真实验。实验中使用Matlab和Simulink进行建模和仿真。
实验步骤
- 数据采集：从功率放大器测量中获取输入输出数据。
- 模型建立：基于内存多项式模型，建立功率放大器的静态DPD模型。
- 自适应DPD设计：分别实现基于LMS算法和RPEM算法的自适应DPD设计。
- 仿真评估：构建系统级模型，评估两种自适应DPD设计的性能。
实验结果
实验结果表明，两种自适应DPD设计均能有效改善功率放大器的线性度，降低误码率。其中，LMS算法在平稳环境中表现出较好的收敛性和稳定性；而RPEM算法在处理记忆效应方面更具优势。
结论
本文研究了基于LMS算法和RPEM算法的数字预失真技术，并通过仿真实验验证了其有效性。实验结果表明，两种算法各有优缺点，在实际应用中可根据具体需求选择合适的算法。未来工作将进一步优化算法性能，提高DPD技术的实用性和可靠性。
📚2 运行结果
部分代码：
%% Test data used to derive coefs
load meas_pa;
pa_in = pa_in;
pa_out = pa_out;
toss = 500; % ignore initial data that could have transients
pad = 600; % room to play at the end of the data set.
traininglen = 20e4; % Arbitrary subset of pa_in data used to derive coefs
if traininglen > (length(pa_in)-pad-toss)
error('Pick smaller subset for traininglen');
end
%% PA and DPD model parameters
memorylen_pa = 3; %M
degree_pa = 3; %K
degree_pd = 5;
memorylen_pd = 5;
coef_pd=complex(zeros(degree_pd*memorylen_pd,1));
coef_pa=complex(zeros(degree_pa*memorylen_pa,1));
%% Compute input scaling factor with overrange
% and scale raw input accordingly
u = pa_in(toss+1:(traininglen+pad)); % select data and transpose
umax_inv = 1/(max(abs(u)));
umax_inv = 1;
u = u*umax_inv;
v = pa_out(toss+1:(traininglen+pad)); % select data
% Normalize output data to the maximum data. Needed
% to make numeric algorithms work. Note that this step might cause problems
% if there is outlying data OR if one does not account for this scaling.
vmax_inv = 1/(max(abs(v)));
%vmax_inv = 1;
v = v*vmax_inv;
% In general there is no point in deriving the PA model since we
% are not implementing it. Sometimes you may only have PA
% measurements however and from those you wish to simulate the PA
% in the time domain. You can in that case derive a PA model
% but keep in mind it may not be an excellent model if you're
% PA is predominantly IIR in nature. This is true since the
% memory polynomial assumes an FIR model. An FIR filter is great for
% equalizing the effects of an IIR filter but not necessarily great at
% modeling it. What we have found experimentially is that if you have
% an IIR-dominant PA, then you can model the passband quite effectively with this technique
% but the stopband may suffer particularly when there is significant
% dynamic range, i.e. a lot of attenuation in the stop band.
if 0
offset = 0;
up = u(1:end-offset);
vp = v(1+offset:end);
% Compute PA model coefficients.
coef_pa = fit_memory_poly_model(up, vp, traininglen, memorylen_pa, degree_pa);
figure;plot([1:length(coef_pa)],real(coef_pa),'r+-',[1:length(coef_pa)],imag(coef_pa),'b+-');grid
title('PA coefficients');
end
if 1
% Compute DPD Algorithm Coefficients using reversed I/O's
% Adding delay to the output variable (v) was crucial in using this memory
% polynomial based derivation of the DPD. We delay the output
% to compensate for the delay inherent in the PA.
% You must take your PA's particular delay into account. The input and output
% are reversed for the DPD derivation. v is now the input and u is the output. By setting
% vp = v(1+offset:end) we are compensating for the delay in the PA.
% Essentially we are making it appear that the output responds to the
% input "offset" samples earlier, non-causal ish.
% You can create this effective negative delay in the DPD coefficient
% derivation using this "offset" varible. It is not
% necessary to get the offset value perfect. There is a range of acceptable
% values for offset. You simply need to capture the energy within the M taps you're
% alloted. One informal offset calibration procedure is to observe the derived
% DPD coefficients as you change "offset" by 1. You should see the DPD coeffs
% shift by 1 as well. If you notice an uncorrelated change in the DPD coefficients
% then you're offset value needs correction. In some cases you may also
% need to make M larger if you're PA has multiple poles you're trying to
% compensate for. Ideally, place the largest tap in the center of your
% pipeline. So if M = 5, place the largest tap at 3 using "offset" as the
% tuning parameter. This gives you some slop on both sides in case the
% PA delay were to change a little.
🎉3 参考文献
部分理论来源于网络，如有侵权请联系删除。
[1]Morgan, Ma, Kim, Zierdt, and Pastalan. “A Generalized Memory Polynomial Model for Digital
Predistortion of RF Power Amplifiers”. IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing, Vol. 54, No. 10, Oct.
2006
[2]Li Gan and Emad Abd-Elrady. “Digital Predistortion of Memory Polynomial Systems Using
Direct and Indirect Learning Architectures”. Institute of Signal Processing and Speech
Communication, Graz University of Technology.
[3]Saleh, A.A.M., "Frequency-independent and frequency-dependent nonlinear models of TWT
amplifiers," IEEE Trans. Communications, vol. COM-29, pp.1715-1720, November 1981
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