Python编程从入门到实践-学习笔记之六（函数）

第8章 函数

greeter.py

def greet_user():
	print("Hello!")
	
greet_user()

def greet_user(username):
	print("Hello, " + username.title() + "!")
	
greet_user('jesse')

实参和形参

位置实参

pets.py

def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
	print("\nI have a " + animal_type + ".")
	print("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + ".")
	
describe_pet('hamster', 'harry')
describe_pet('dog', 'willie')

关键字实参

def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
	print("\nI have a " + animal_type + ".")
	print("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + ".")
	
describe_pet(animal_type='hamster', pet_name='harry')
describe_pet(pet_name='willie', animal_type='dog')

默认值

返回值

返回简单值

formatted_name.py

def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name):
	full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name
	return full_name.title()
	
musician = get_formatted_name('jimi', 'hendrix')
print(musician)

def get_formatted_name(first_name, middle_name, last_name):
	full_name = first_name + ' ' + middle_name + ' ' + last_name
	return full_name.title()
	
musician = get_formatted_name('jimi', 'lee', 'hendrix')
print(musician)

让实参变成可选的，指定一个默认值（空字符串），并将其移到形参列表的末尾

def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name, middle_name=''):
	if middle_name:
		full_name = first_name + ' ' + middle_name + ' ' + last_name
	else:
		full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name
	return full_name.title()
	
musician = get_formatted_name('jimi', 'lee', 'hendrix')
print(musician)

musician = get_formatted_name('jimi', 'hendrix')
print(musician)

返回字典

person.py

def build_person(first_name, last_name):
	person = {'first': first_name, 'last': last_name}
	return person
	
musician = build_person('jimi', 'hendrix')
print(musician)

def build_person(first_name, last_name, age=''):
	person = {'first': first_name, 'last': last_name}
	if age:
		person['age'] = age
	return person
	
musician = build_person('jimi', 'hendrix', age=27)
print(musician)

结合使用函数和while循环

greeter.py

def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name):
	full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name
	return full_name.title()
	
while True:
	print("\nPlease tell me your name:")
	f_name = input("First name: ")
	l_name = input("Last name: ")
	
	formatted_name = get_formatted_name(f_name, l_name)
	print("\nHello, " + formatted_name + "!")

提供退出途径

def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name):
	full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name
	return full_name.title()
	
while True:
	print("\nPlease tell me your name:")
	print("(enter 'q' at any time to quit)")
	f_name = input("First name: ")
	if f_name == 'q':
		break
		
	l_name = input("Last name: ")
	if l_name == 'q':
		break
	
	formatted_name = get_formatted_name(f_name, l_name)
	print("\nHello, " + formatted_name + "!")

传递列表

def greet_users(names):
	for name in names:
		msg = "Hello, " + name.title() + "!"
		print(msg)
		
usernames = ['hannah', 'ty', 'margot']
greet_users(usernames)

在函数中修改列表

不使用函数时

printing_models.py

unprinted_designs = ['iphone case', 'robot pendant', 'dodecahedron']
completed_models = []

while unprinted_designs:
	current_design = unprinted_designs.pop()
	print("Printing model: " + current_design)
	completed_models.append(current_design)
	
print("\nThe following models have been printed:")
for completed_model in completed_models:
	print(completed_model)

编写两个函数，重新组织代码

def print_models(unprinted_designs, completed_models):
	while unprinted_designs:
		current_design = unprinted_designs.pop()
		print("Printing model: " + current_design)
		completed_models.append(current_design)

def show_completed_models(completed_models):
	print("\nThe following models have been printed:")
	for completed_model in completed_models:
		print(completed_model)

unprinted_designs = ['iphone case', 'robot pendant', 'dodecahedron']
completed_models = []

print_models(unprinted_designs, completed_models)
show_completed_models(completed_models)

禁止函数修改列表

如果不想清空未打印的设计列表，可以传递列表的副本

print_models(unprinted_designs[:], completed_models)

传递任意数量的实参

pizza.py

def make_pizza(*toppings):
	print(toppings)
	
make_pizza('pepperoni')
make_pizza('mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

带*号的形参，创建一个空元组

def make_pizza(*toppings):
	print("\nMaking a pizza with the following toppings:")
	for topping in toppings:
		print("- " + topping)
	
make_pizza('pepperoni')
make_pizza('mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

实参封装到一个元组中，即便函数只收到一个值也如此

结合使用位置实参和任意数量实参

def make_pizza(size, *toppings):
	print("\nMaking a " + str(size) + "-inch pizza with the following toppings:")
	for topping in toppings:
		print("- " + topping)
	
make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

使用任意数量的关键字实参

**形参，可以接受任意数量的键值对

user_profile.py

def build_profile(first, last, **user_info):
	profile = {}
	profile['first_name'] = first
	profile['last_name'] = last
	for key, value in user_info.items():
		profile[key] = value
	return profile
	
user_profile = build_profile('albert', 'einstein',
                             location='princeton',
                             field='physics')
                             
print(user_profile)

**两个星号创建一个空字典，并将收到的键值对封装到这个字典中，使用时需要配合循环遍历字典中的键值对。

将函数存储在模块中

导入整个模块

import 模块名

调用被导入的模块中的函数：模块名称.函数名

导入特定的函数：from 模块名 import 函数名

用逗号分隔函数名，可根据需要从模块中导入任意数量的函数：from 模块名 import 函数名1, 函数名2, 函数名3

使用这种方式调用函数时直接使用函数名，不需要再加模块名.

使用as给函数指定别名

使用as给模块指定别名

导入模块中的所有函数：from 模块名 import *（不推荐）

函数编写指南

应给函数指定描述性的名称，且只在其中使用小写字母和下划线

注释应紧跟在函数定义后面，并采用文档字符串格式

给形参指定默认傎时，=两边不要有空格

函数调用中的关键字实参，=两边也不要有空格

多个函数之间可使用两个空行将相邻的函数分开。

2023年9月27日