///
/// - Parameters:
/// - lhs: A numeric value.
/// - rhs: The value to subtract from lhs.
static func -(lhs: Self, rhs: Self) -> Self
/// Subtracts the second value from the first and stores the difference in the
/// left-hand-side variable.
///
/// - Parameters:
/// - lhs: A numeric value.
/// - rhs: The value to subtract from lhs.
static func -=(lhs: inout Self, rhs: Self)
}
public extension AdditiveArithmetic where Self : ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral {
/// The zero value.
///
/// Zero is the identity element for addition. For any value,
/// x + .zero == x and .zero + x == x.
static var zero: Self {
return 0
}
}
上面的代码主要介绍了AdditiveArithmetic协议：
AdditiveArithmetic协议里的+，+=，-，-=四个方法，还有一个zero属性，下面是zero的默认实现。
协议用法如注释例子(重复一遍)：
extension Sequence where Element: AdditiveArithmetic {
func sum() -> Element {
return reduce(.zero, +)
}
}
let arraySum = [1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5].sum()
// arraySum == 16.5
let rangeSum = (1…<10).sum()
// rangeSum == 45
第三段：数字协议
//=----------------------------------------------------------------------=//
//=— 数字协议 ----------------------------------------------------------=//
//=----------------------------------------------------------------------=//
/// A type with values that support multiplication.
/// 遵守该协议的类型值会支持乘法性质运算
///
/// The Numeric protocol provides a suitable basis for arithmetic on
/// scalar values, such as integers and floating-point numbers. You can write
/// generic methods that operate on any numeric type in the standard library
/// by using the Numeric protocol as a generic constraint.
///
/// Numeric这个协议为类似整型，浮点型这种标量提供计算的基础，
/// 你可以写操作标准库中任何数字类型的泛型方法，使用“Numeric”协议作为通用约束。
///
/// The following example extends Sequence with a method that returns an
/// array with the sequence’s values multiplied by two.
///
/// 下面的例子是扩展了Sequence ,添加了一个方法使序列的每一个值都乘以2
///
/// extension Sequence where Element: Numeric {
/// func doublingAll() -> [Element] {
/// return map { $0 * 2 }
/// }
/// }
///
/// With this extension, any sequence with elements that conform to Numeric
/// has the doublingAll() method. For example, you can double the elements of
/// an array of doubles or a range of integers:
///
/// let observations = [1.5, 2.0, 3.25, 4.875, 5.5]
/// let doubledObservations = observations.doublingAll()
/// // doubledObservations == [3.0, 4.0, 6.5, 9.75, 11.0]
///
/// let integers = 0…<8
/// let doubledIntegers = integers.doublingAll()
/// // doubledIntegers == [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14]
///
/// Conforming to the Numeric Protocol
/// ==================================
///
/// To add Numeric protocol conformance to your own custom type, implement
/// the required initializer and operators, and provide a magnitude property
/// using a type that can represent the magnitude of any value of your custom
/// type.
/// 自定义类型想去遵守该协议，需要实现初始化方法和操作符， 和提供一个magnitude属性。
///
public protocol Numeric : AdditiveArithmetic, ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral {
/// Creates a new instance from the given integer, if it can be represented
/// exactly.
/// 可以从给定的整型初始化，并成功转换。
///
/// If the value passed as source is not representable exactly, the result
/// is nil. In the following example, the constant x is successfully
/// created from a value of 100, while the attempt to initialize the
/// constant y from 1_000 fails because the Int8 type can represent
/// 127 at maximum:
///
/// 如果给定的数据不能准确的转换成功，那么结果返回nil.
/// 下面的例子，100转换成常量x被成功创建.当试图去从1_000创建y的时候失败了,因为Int8 类型只能在 127之内转换。
/// let x = Int8(exactly: 100)
/// // x == Optional(100)
/// let y = Int8(exactly: 1_000)
/// // y == nil
///
/// - Parameter source: A value to convert to this type.
init?(exactly source: T)
/// A type that can represent the absolute value of any possible value of the
/// conforming type.
/// 一个可以等同于准守协议类型值绝对值的类型。
associatedtype Magnitude : Comparable, Numeric
/// The magnitude of this value.
///
/// For any numeric value x, x.magnitude is the absolute value of x.
/// You can use the magnitude property in operations that are simpler to
/// implement in terms of unsigned values, such as printing the value of an
/// integer, which is just printing a ‘-’ character in front of an absolute
/// value.
/// numeric类型的值x，x.magnitude 是 x的绝对值。
/// 你可以使用这个属性很容易的去使用无符号值，例如打印一个整数的值，它只是在绝对值前面打印一个“-”字符。
/// let x = -200
/// // x.magnitude == 200
///
/// The global abs(_:) function provides more familiar syntax when you need
/// to find an absolute value. In addition, because abs(_:) always returns
/// a value of the same type, even in a generic context, using the function
/// instead of the magnitude property is encouraged.
/// 当您需要查找绝对值时，全局’ abs(😃 ‘函数提供了更熟悉的语法。此外，因为’ abs(😃 '总是返回
/// 相同类型的值，即使在通用上下文中也是如此，因此建议使用函数而不是’magnitude’属性。
var magnitude: Magnitude { get }
/// Multiplies two values and produces their product.
///
/// The multiplication operator (*) calculates the product of its two
/// arguments. For example:
///
/// 2 * 3 // 6
/// 100 * 21 // 2100
/// -10 * 15 // -150
/// 3.5 * 2.25 // 7.875
///
/// You cannot use * with arguments of different types. To multiply values
/// of different types, convert one of the values to the other value’s type.
///
/// let x: Int8 = 21
/// let y: Int = 1000000
/// Int(x) * y // 21000000
///
/// - Parameters:
/// - lhs: The first value to multiply.
/// - rhs: The second value to multiply.
static func *(lhs: Self, rhs: Self) -> Self
/// Multiplies two values and stores the result in the left-hand-side
/// variable.
///
/// - Parameters:
/// - lhs: The first value to multiply.
/// - rhs: The second value to multiply.
/// lhs 要使用inout，为了避免值拷贝，应在原来内存的值里修改。
static func *=(lhs: inout Self, rhs: Self)
}
第四段：有符号数字协议
/// A type that can represent both positive and negative values.
/// 一个可以同时表示正值和负值得类型
///
/// The SignedNumeric protocol extends the operations defined by the
/// Numeric protocol to include a value’s additive inverse.
///
/// SignedNumeric协议扩展了Numeric的操作，包括了加性逆元素（-x 是 x 的加性逆元素）。
/// Conforming to the SignedNumeric Protocol
/// ========================================
///
/// Because the SignedNumeric protocol provides default implementations of
/// both of its required methods, you don’t need to do anything beyond
/// declaring conformance to the protocol and ensuring that the values of your
/// type support negation. To customize your type’s implementation, provide
/// your own mutating negate() method.
///
///因为’ SignedNumeric '协议提供了它所需要的两个方法的默认实现，所以除了声明协议的一致性和确保类型 的值支持否定之外，您不需要做任何事情。要自定义类型的实现，请提供您自己的“negate()”方法。
///
/// When the additive inverse of a value is unrepresentable in a conforming
/// type, the operation should either trap or return an exceptional value. For
/// example, using the negation operator (prefix -) with Int.min results in
/// a runtime error.
///
/// 当准守这个协议的值不可以被表示出来的时候，应该被捕捉或者返回异常值。
/// 举个例子，在Int.min使用用负号（前缀-）运行时会报错误。（因为内存溢出）
/// let x = Int.min
/// let y = -x
/// // Overflow error
public protocol SignedNumeric : Numeric {
/// Returns the additive inverse of the specified value.
///
/// The negation operator (prefix -) returns the additive inverse of its
/// argument.
///
/// let x = 21
/// let y = -x
/// // y == -21
///
/// The resulting value must be representable in the same type as the
/// argument. In particular, negating a signed, fixed-width integer type’s
/// minimum results in a value that cannot be represented.
///
/// let z = -Int8.min
/// // Overflow error
///
/// - Returns: The additive inverse of this value.
static prefix func - (_ operand: Self) -> Self
/// Replaces this value with its additive inverse.
///
/// The following example uses the negate() method to negate the value of
/// an integer x:
///
/// var x = 21
/// x.negate()
/// // x == -21
///
/// The resulting value must be representable within the value’s type. In
/// particular, negating a signed, fixed-width integer type’s minimum
/// results in a value that cannot be represented.
///
/// var y = Int8.min
/// y.negate()
/// // Overflow error
mutating func negate()
}
extension SignedNumeric {
/// Returns the additive inverse of the specified value.
///
/// The negation operator (prefix -) returns the additive inverse of its
/// argument.
///
/// let x = 21
/// let y = -x
/// // y == -21
///
/// The resulting value must be representable in the same type as the
/// argument. In particular, negating a signed, fixed-width integer type’s
/// minimum results in a value that cannot be represented.
///
/// let z = -Int8.min
/// // Overflow error
///
/// - Returns: The additive inverse of the argument.
@_transparent
public static prefix func - (_ operand: Self) -> Self {
var result = operand
result.negate()
return result
}
/// Replaces this value with its additive inverse.
///
/// The following example uses the negate() method to negate the value of
/// an integer x:
///
/// var x = 21
/// x.negate()
/// // x == -21
///
/// The resulting value must be representable within the value’s type. In
/// particular, negating a signed, fixed-width integer type’s minimum
/// results in a value that cannot be represented.
///
/// var y = Int8.min
/// y.negate()
/// // Overflow error
@_transparent
public mutating func negate() {
self = 0 - self
}
}
/// Returns the absolute value of the given number.
///
/// The absolute value of x must be representable in the same type. In
/// particular, the absolute value of a signed, fixed-width integer type’s
/// minimum cannot be represented.
///
/// let x = Int8.min
/// // x == -128
/// let y = abs(x)
算法
-
冒泡排序
-
选择排序
-
快速排序
-
二叉树查找: 最大值、最小值、固定值
-
二叉树遍历
-
二叉树的最大深度
-
给予链表中的任一节点，把它删除掉
-
链表倒叙
-
如何判断一个单链表有环
由于篇幅限制小编，pdf文档的详解资料太全面，细节内容实在太多啦，所以只把部分知识点截图出来粗略的介绍，每个小节点里面都有更细化的内容！
}
}
/// Returns the absolute value of the given number.
///
/// The absolute value of x must be representable in the same type. In
/// particular, the absolute value of a signed, fixed-width integer type’s
/// minimum cannot be represented.
///
/// let x = Int8.min
/// // x == -128
/// let y = abs(x)
算法
-
冒泡排序
-
选择排序
-
快速排序
-
二叉树查找: 最大值、最小值、固定值
-
二叉树遍历
-
二叉树的最大深度
-
给予链表中的任一节点，把它删除掉
-
链表倒叙
-
如何判断一个单链表有环
[外链图片转存中…(img-VLztUR5J-1714154441978)]
由于篇幅限制小编，pdf文档的详解资料太全面，细节内容实在太多啦，所以只把部分知识点截图出来粗略的介绍，每个小节点里面都有更细化的内容！
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