Yolov8的详解与实战-深度学习目标检测

Yolov8的详解与实战-

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文章目录
摘要
模型详解
C2F模块
Loss
head部分
模型实战
训练COCO数据集
下载数据集
COCO转yolo格式数据集(适用V4,V5,V6,V7,V8)
配置yolov8环境
训练
测试
训练自定义数据集
Labelme数据集

摘要

YOLOv8 是 ultralytics 公司在 2023 年 1月 10 号开源的 YOLOv5 的下一个重大更新版本,目前支持图像分类、物体检测和实例分割任务,鉴于Yolov5的良好表现,Yolov8在还没有开源时就收到了用户的广泛关注。yolov8的整体架构如下:

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Yolov8的改进之处有以下几个地方:

Backbone:使用的依旧是CSP的思想,将YOLOv5中的C3模块被替换成了C2f模块,实现了进一步的轻量化,同时YOLOv8依旧使用了YOLOv5等架构中使用的SPPF模块;
PAN-FPN:YOLOv8依旧使用了PAN的思想,不同的是YOLOv8将YOLOv5中PAN-FPN上采样阶段中的卷积结构删除了,同时也将C3模块替换为了C2f模块;
Decoupled-Head:这一点源自YOLOX;分类和回归两个任务的head不再共享参数,YoloV8也借鉴了这样的head设计。
Anchor-Free:YOLOv8抛弃了以往的Anchor-Base,使用了Anchor-Free的思想;
损失函数:YOLOv8使用VFL Loss作为分类损失,使用DFL Loss+CIOU Loss作为分类损失;
样本匹配:YOLOv8抛弃了以往的IOU匹配或者单边比例的分配方式,而是使用了Task-Aligned Assigner匹配方式。
yolov8是个模型簇,从小到大包括:yolov8n、yolov8s、yolov8m、yolov8l、yolov8x等。模型参数、运行速度、参数量等详见下表:

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对比yolov5

,如下表:

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mAP和参数量都上升了不少,具体的感受还是要亲自实践一番。
这篇文章首先对YoloV8做详细的讲解,然后实现对COCO数据集的训练和测试,最后,实现自定义数据集的训练和测试。

希望能帮助到朋友们!

分割的结果

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分类的结果

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模型详解

C2F模块
yolov8将yolov5中的C3模块换成了C2F模型,我们先了解一下C3模块,如图:

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C3模块,其主要是借助CSPNet提取分流的思想,同时结合残差结构的思想,设计了所谓的C3 Block,这里的CSP主分支梯度模块为BottleNeck模块,堆叠的个数由参数n来进行控制,不同的模型,n的个数也不相同。C3的pytorch代码如下:
class C3(nn.Module):# CSP Bottleneck with 3 convolutionsdef init(self, c1, c2, n=1, shortcut=True, g=1, e=0.5): # ch_in, ch_out, number, shortcut, groups, expansionsuper().init()c_ = int(c2 * e) # hidden channelsself.cv1 = Conv(c1, c_, 1, 1)self.cv2 = Conv(c1, c_, 1, 1)self.cv3 = Conv(2 * c_, c2, 1) # optional act=FReLU(c2)self.m = nn.Sequential(*(Bottleneck(c_, c_, shortcut, g, k=((1, 1), (3, 3)), e=1.0) for _ in range(n)))def forward(self, x):return self.cv3(torch.cat((self.m(self.cv1(x)), self.cv2(x)), 1))
接下来,我们一起学习C2F模块,先经过一个Conv,然后使用chunk函数将out平均拆分成两个向量,然后保存到list中,将后半部分输入到Bottleneck Block里面,Bottleneck Block里面有n个Bottleneck,将每个Bottleneck的输出都追加list中,有n个,所以拼接之后的out等于0.5✖(n+2)。然后经过一个Conv输出,所以输出为h×w×c_out。如下图:

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如果还是比较难懂,我将具体的数据代入图中,得出下图:

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Loss

对于YOLOv8,其分类损失为VFL Loss,其回归损失为CIOU Loss+DFL的形式,这里Reg_max默认为16。
VFL主要改进是提出了非对称的加权操作,FL和QFL都是对称的。而非对称加权的思想来源于论文PISA,该论文指出首先正负样本有不平衡问题,即使在正样本中也存在不等权问题,因为mAP的计算是主正样本。

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q是label,正样本时候q为bbox和gt的IoU,负样本时候q=0,当为正样本时候其实没有采用FL,而是普通的BCE,只不过多了一个自适应IoU加权,用于突出主样本。而为负样本时候就是标准的FL了。可以明显发现VFL比QFL更加简单,主要特点是正负样本非对称加权、突出正样本为主样本。
针对这里的DFL(Distribution Focal Loss),其主要是将框的位置建模成一个 general distribution,让网络快速的聚焦于和目标位置距离近的位置的分布。

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DFL 能够让网络更快地聚焦于目标 y 附近的值,增大它们的概率;
DFL的含义是以交叉熵的形式去优化与标签y最接近的一左一右2个位置的概率,从而让网络更快的聚焦到目标位置的邻近区域的分布;也就是说学出来的分布理论上是在真实浮点坐标的附近,并且以线性插值的模式得到距离左右整数坐标的权重。
head部分
相对于YOLOv5,YOLOv8将Head里面C3模块替换为了C2f,将上采样之前的1×1卷积去除了,将Backbone不同阶段输出的特征直接送入了上采样操作。通过下图对比可以看出差别:

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YOLOv8则是使用了Decoupled-Head,同时由于使用了DFL 的思想,因此回归头的通道数也变成了4*reg_max的形式:

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模型实战

训练COCO数据集
本次使用2017版本的COCO数据集作为例子,演示如何使用YoloV8训练和预测。
下载数据集
Images:
2017 Train images [118K/18GB] :http://images.cocodataset.org/zips/train2017.zip
2017 Val images [5K/1GB]:http://images.cocodataset.org/zips/val2017.zip
2017 Test images [41K/6GB]:http://images.cocodataset.org/zips/unlabeled2017.zip
Annotations:
2017 annotations_trainval2017 [241MB]:http://images.cocodataset.org/annotations/annotations_trainval2017.zip
COCO转yolo格式数据集(适用V4,V5,V6,V7,V8)
最初的研究论文中,COCO中有91个对象类别。然而,在2014年的第一次发布中,仅发布了80个标记和分割图像的对象类别。2014年发布之后,2017年发布了后续版本。详细的类别如下:
ID
OBJECT (PAPER)
OBJECT (2014 REL.)
OBJECT (2017 REL.)
SUPER CATEGORY
1
person
person
person
person
2
bicycle
bicycle
bicycle
vehicle
3
car
car
car
vehicle
4
motorcycle
motorcycle
motorcycle
vehicle
5
airplane
airplane
airplane
vehicle
6
bus
bus
bus
vehicle
7
train
train
train
vehicle
8
truck
truck
truck
vehicle
9
boat
boat
boat
vehicle
10
trafficlight
traffic light
traffic light
outdoor
11
fire hydrant
fire hydrant
fire hydrant
outdoor
12
street
sign

13
stop sign
stop sign
stop sign
outdoor
14
parking meter
parking meter
parking meter
outdoor
15
bench
bench
bench
outdoor
16
bird
bird
bird
animal
17
cat
cat
cat
animal
18
dog
dog
dog
animal
19
horse
horse
horse
animal
20
sheep
sheep
sheep
animal
21
cow
cow
cow
animal
22
elephant
elephant
elephant
animal
23
bear
bear
bear
animal
24
zebra
zebra
zebra
animal
25
giraffe
giraffe
giraffe
animal
26
hat

accessory
27
backpack
backpack
backpack
accessory
28
umbrella
umbrella
umbrella
accessory
29
shoe

accessory
30
eye glasses

accessory
31
handbag
handbag
handbag
accessory
32
tie
tie
tie
accessory
33
suitcase
suitcase
suitcase
accessory
34
frisbee
frisbee
frisbee
sports
35
skis
skis
skis
sports
36
snowboard
snowboard
snowboard
sports
37
sports ball
sports ball
sports ball
sports
38
kite
kite
kite
sports
39
baseball bat
baseball bat
baseball bat
sports
40
baseball glove
baseball glove
baseball glove
sports
41
skateboard
skateboard
skateboard
sports
42
surfboard
surfboard
surfboard
sports
43
tennis racket
tennis racket
tennis racket
sports
44
bottle
bottle
bottle
kitchen
45
plate

kitchen
46
wine glass
wine glass
wine glass
kitchen
47
cup
cup
cup
kitchen
48
fork
fork
fork
kitchen
49
knife
knife
knife
kitchen
50
spoon
spoon
spoon
kitchen
51
bowl
bowl
bowl
kitchen
52
banana
banana
banana
food
53
apple
apple
apple
food
54
sandwich
sandwich
sandwich
food
55
orange
orange
orange
food
56
broccoli
broccoli
broccoli
food
57
carrot
carrot
carrot
food
58
hot dog
hot dog
hot dog
food
59
pizza
pizza
pizza
food
60
donut
donut
donut
food
61
cake
cake
cake
food
62
chair
chair
chair
furniture
63
couch
couch
couch
furniture
64
potted plant
potted plant
potted plant
furniture
65
bed
bed
bed
furniture
66
mirror

furniture
67
dining table
dining table
dining table
furniture
68
window

furniture
69
desk

furniture
70
toilet
toilet
toilet
furniture
71
door

furniture
72
tv
tv
tv
electronic
73
laptop
laptop
laptop
electronic
74
mouse
mouse
mouse
electronic
75
remote
remote
remote
electronic
76
keyboard
keyboard
keyboard
electronic
77
cell phone
cell phone
cell phone
electronic
78
microwave
microwave
microwave
appliance
79
oven
oven
oven
appliance
80
toaster
toaster
toaster
appliance
81
sink
sink
sink
appliance
82
refrigerator
refrigerator
refrigerator
appliance
83
blender

appliance
84
book
book
book
indoor
85
clock
clock
clock
indoor
86
vase
vase
vase
indoor
87
scissors
scissors
scissors
indoor
88
teddy bear
teddy bear
teddy bear
indoor
89
hair drier
hair drier
hair drier
indoor
90
toothbrush
toothbrush
toothbrush
indoor
91
hair brush

indoor
可以看到,2014年和2017年发布的对象列表是相同的,它们是论文中最初91个对象类别中的80个对象。所以在转换的时候,要重新对类别做映射,映射函数如下:
def coco91_to_coco80_class(): # converts 80-index (val2014) to 91-index (paper)# https://tech.amikelive.com/node-718/what-object-categories-labels-are-in-coco-dataset/# a = np.loadtxt(‘data/coco.names’, dtype=‘str’, delimiter=‘\n’)# b = np.loadtxt(‘data/coco_paper.names’, dtype=‘str’, delimiter=‘\n’)# x1 = [list(a[i] == b).index(True) + 1 for i in range(80)] # darknet to coco# x2 = [list(b[i] == a).index(True) if any(b[i] == a) else None for i in range(91)] # coco to darknetx = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, None, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, None, 24, 25, None,None, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, None, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50,51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, None, 60, None, None, 61, None, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,None, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, None]return x
接下来,开始格式转换,工程的目录如下:

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coco:存放解压后的数据集。
-out:保存输出结果。
-coco2yolo.py:转换脚本。
转换代码如下:
import json
import glob
import os
import shutil
from pathlib import Path
import numpy as np
from tqdm import tqdmdef make_folders(path=‘…/out/’):# Create foldersif os.path.exists(path):shutil.rmtree(path) # delete output folderos.makedirs(path) # make new output folderos.makedirs(path + os.sep + ‘labels’) # make new labels folderos.makedirs(path + os.sep + ‘images’) # make new labels folderreturn pathdef convert_coco_json(json_dir=‘./coco/annotations_trainval2017/annotations/’):jsons = glob.glob(json_dir + ‘*.json’)coco80 = coco91_to_coco80_class()# Import jsonfor json_file in sorted(jsons):fn = ‘out/labels/%s/’ % Path(json_file).stem.replace(‘instances_’, ‘’) # folder namefn_images = ‘out/images/%s/’ % Path(json_file).stem.replace(‘instances_’, ‘’) # folder nameos.makedirs(fn,exist_ok=True)os.makedirs(fn_images,exist_ok=True)with open(json_file) as f:data = json.load(f)print(fn)# Create image dictimages = {‘%g’ % x[‘id’]: x for x in data[‘images’]}# Write labels filefor x in tqdm(data[‘annotations’], desc=‘Annotations %s’ % json_file):if x[‘iscrowd’]:continueimg = images[‘%g’ % x[‘image_id’]]h, w, f = img[‘height’], img[‘width’], img[‘file_name’]file_path=‘coco/’+fn.split(‘/’)[-2]+“/”+f# The Labelbox bounding box format is [top left x, top left y, width, height]box = np.array(x[‘bbox’], dtype=np.float64)box[:2] += box[2:] / 2 # xy top-left corner to centerbox[[0, 2]] /= w # normalize xbox[[1, 3]] /= h # normalize yif (box[2] > 0.) and (box[3] > 0.): # if w > 0 and h > 0with open(fn + Path(f).stem + ‘.txt’, ‘a’) as file:file.write(‘%g %.6f %.6f %.6f %.6f\n’ % (coco80[x[‘category_id’] - 1], *box))file_path_t=fn_images+fprint(file_path,file_path_t)shutil.copy(file_path,file_path_t)def coco91_to_coco80_class(): # converts 80-index (val2014) to 91-index (paper)# https://tech.amikelive.com/node-718/what-object-categories-labels-are-in-coco-dataset/# a = np.loadtxt(‘data/coco.names’, dtype=‘str’, delimiter=‘\n’)# b = np.loadtxt(‘data/coco_paper.names’, dtype=‘str’, delimiter=‘\n’)# x1 = [list(a[i] == b).index(True) + 1 for i in range(80)] # darknet to coco# x2 = [list(b[i] == a).index(True) if any(b[i] == a) else None for i in range(91)] # coco to darknetx = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, None, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, None, 24, 25, None,None, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, None, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50,51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, None, 60, None, None, 61, None, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,None, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, None]return xconvert_coco_json()
开始运行:

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转换完成后,验证转换的结果:
import cv2
import osdef draw_box_in_single_image(image_path, txt_path):# 读取图像image = cv2.imread(image_path)# 读取txt文件信息def read_list(txt_path):pos = []with open(txt_path, ‘r’) as file_to_read:while True:lines = file_to_read.readline() # 整行读取数据if not lines:break# 将整行数据分割处理,如果分割符是空格,括号里就不用传入参数,如果是逗号, 则传入‘,‘字符。p_tmp = [float(i) for i in lines.split(’ ‘)]pos.append(p_tmp) # 添加新读取的数据# Efield.append(E_tmp)passreturn pos# txt转换为boxdef convert(size, box):xmin = (box[1]-box[3]/2.)*size[1]xmax = (box[1]+box[3]/2.)*size[1]ymin = (box[2]-box[4]/2.)*size[0]ymax = (box[2]+box[4]/2.)*size[0]box = (int(xmin), int(ymin), int(xmax), int(ymax))return boxpos = read_list(txt_path)print(pos)tl = int((image.shape[0]+image.shape[1])/2)lf = max(tl-1,1)for i in range(len(pos)):label = str(int(pos[i][0]))print(‘label is ‘+label)box = convert(image.shape, pos[i])image = cv2.rectangle(image,(box[0], box[1]),(box[2],box[3]),(0,0,255),2)cv2.putText(image,label,(box[0],box[1]-2), 0, 1, [0,0,255], thickness=2, lineType=cv2.LINE_AA)passif pos:cv2.imwrite(’./Data/see_images/{}.png’.format(image_path.split(’\‘)[-1][:-4]), image)else:print(‘None’)img_folder = “./out/images/val2017”
img_list = os.listdir(img_folder)
img_list.sort()label_folder = “./out/labels/val2017”
label_list = os.listdir(label_folder)
label_list.sort()
if not os.path.exists(’./Data/see_images’):os.makedirs(‘./Data/see_images’)
for i in range(len(img_list)):image_path = img_folder + “\” + img_list[i]txt_path = label_folder + “\” + label_list[i]draw_box_in_single_image(image_path, txt_path)
结果展示:

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配置yolov8环境

可以直接安装requirements.txt里面所有的库文件,执行安装命令:
pip install -r requirements.txt
如果不想安装这么多库文件,在运行的时候,查看缺少哪个库,就安装哪个库,比如我的环境:
pip install thop
我的本地只缺少了这个库文件。

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