抽象代数入门（二）

最新推荐文章于 2021-03-04 17:07:34 发布

AugustMoore

最新推荐文章于 2021-03-04 17:07:34 发布

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分类专栏： Mathmatic abstract algebra

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/AugustMoore/article/details/94452817

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Field(域)

Dfn: ”Field“ is a commutative ring $(\mathbf{R}, +, .)$ , s.t. every non-zero element has inverse.

这个交换环对于乘法和加法都满足交换性，而且对于所有非零元素都存在逆。

对加法逆，即 $(\mathbf{R}, +), \forall v\in \mathbf{R}, v\not=0, \exists u\in\mathbf{R}, s.t. \quad v + u=0;$
对乘法逆，即 $(\mathbf{R}, *),\forall v\in \mathbf{R}, v\not=0, \exists u\in\mathbf{R}, s.t. \quad v*u=1.$

这两个都满足，u是对应元素的逆。加法的逆写成-v, 乘法的逆写成 $v^{-1}$ 都是可以的，都是符号表示。

Polynomials over a field

Dfn: Let $(\mathbb{F}, +, *)$ be a field. A polynomial over a field $\mathbb{F}$ is an equation of the form : $f(x) = a_0 + a_1x + a_2 x^2 + a_3 x^3 + ... + a_m x^m$ , where the coefficients $a_0, a_1, ..., a_m\in \mathbb{F}$ . The set of all polynomials over a field $\mathbb{F}$ is denoted $\mathbb{F}[x]$ .

ideal(理想)

Dfn: "Idela" of $\mathbb{F}[z]$ is a subset $\mathbf{T}$ of $\mathbb{F}[z]$ s.t. it is closed under addition and closed under multiplication by any element of $\mathbb{F}[z]$ .

closed under addition: $\forall u_1, u_2\in \mathbf{T}, s.t. \quad u_1+u_2\in\mathbf{T}$
closed under multiplication: $\exists r\in \mathbb{F}[z], \forall u\in\mathbf{T}, s.t. \quad r*u\in\mathbf{T}$

i.e. the set of even integers is an ideal in the ring of integers $\mathbf{Z}$ . Given an ideal $\mathbf{T}$ , it is possible to define a quotient ring $\mathbb{F}[z]/\mathbf{T}$ .

i.e. $\mathbf{T}=\left\{p\in\mathbb{F}[z]|p=(z^2+1)q, \forall q\in\mathbb{F}[z] \right\}.$ is ideal.

$\left.\begin{matrix} p_1=(z^2+1)q_1 \\ p_2=(z^2+1)q_2 \end{matrix}\right\},\quad p_1+p_2=(z^2+1)(q_1+q_2)\in T,\ where\ q_1,q_2\in\mathbb{F}[z]$
$p\in\mathbf{T},\ h\in\mathbb{F}[z],then\ p=(z^2+1)q, where \ q\in\mathbb{F}[z], hp=(z^2+1)hq\in\mathbf{T}$ . proved

Module(模)

Dfn: a module is one of the fundamental algebraic structures used in abstract algebra. A module over a ring is a generalization of the notion of vector space over a field.

环上的一个模，域上的一个向量空间。在模中的系数是来自于环的，而向量空间中的系数是来自于域的。（域的定义更为严格，比之于环），系数的寻去空间更为通用，因此说模是向量空间的泛化。

Integral Domain(整域)

Dfn: 也叫整环，指的是不含零因子(divisor)的交换环。环中乘法的单位元通常和加法的单位元不同，整环是整数环的抽象化。关于交换环(commutative ring)的定义可以参看抽象代数入门（一）。

multiplicative identity element: $a*e=e*a=1, \forall a\in\mathbf{R}, e\ is\ the\ identity\ element$ .
No divisors of 0, $\forall (a, b) \in\mathbf{R}, s.t. a*b=0\Rightarrow (a=0\cup b=0)$ or $\forall (a, b, c) \in\mathbf{R}, if\ a*c=b*c\cup c\not= 0\Rightarrow (a=b)$

i.e. $(\mathbb{Z}, +, *)$ is an intergral domain.

Principal Ideal Ring(主理想环)

Dfn: 每个理想都可以由单个元素生成的环，写成left ideal xR or right ideal Rx 的形式，其中 x 是环 R 中的一个元素。

Dfn: 如果交换的理想环R 同时也是整环，那么称之为主理想域(principal ideal domain), 简写成 P.I.D.

i.e. 整数环是主理想域，Eucildean Ring 一般都是。

Polynomial Ring(多项式环)

多项式环是对初等数学中多项式的泛化，通常表示成 $\mathbf{R}[X]$ 。

Dfn: The polynomial ring, $\mathbf{R}[X]$ , in $X$ over $\mathbf{R}$ is defined as:

$p(X)= a_0 + a_1X+a_2X^2+...+a_mX^m$ , $a_i$ is the coefficient of $X^i$ , $X$ 只是一个符号， $X^i$ 称为 powers of $X$ .

The ideal generated by a finite set of polynomials $\left\{p_1, p_2,..., p_m \right\}\in\mathbb{F}[x]$ defined as:

$\left$p_1, p_2, ..., p_m\right$:=\left\{q_1p_1+q_2p_2+...+q_mp_m|\forall p_i\in\mathbb{F}[x] \right\}$

Monoic Polynomial(单多项式)

Dfn: a single-variable polynomial(univariate polynomial) in which the leading coefficient is equal to 1. Which can be written in the form:

$p(x)=x_n+a_{n-1}x_{n-1} + a_{n-2}x_{n-2}+...+a_1x_1+a_0$

Unique Factorization Domain(唯一分解环)

Dfn: 唯一分解环是一个整环(integral domain), 其元素都可以表示成有限个不可约元素乘积的形式，并在允许重排下唯一，相当于满足基本算术定理的整环。简写为UFD.

A integral domain R is said to be a unique factorization domain if it has the following factorization properties:

Every nonzero nonunit element $r\in\mathbf{R}$ can be written as a product of a finite number of irreducible elements $r\in p_1p_2...p_s$ .
The factorization into irreducible elements is unique in the sense that if $r= p_1p_2...p_s$ and $r= q_1q_2...q_t$ are two factorizations. Then s=t and after a suitable reindexing of the factor, $p_i=q_i$ .

Every principal ideal domain R is a unique factorization domain.

AugustMoore

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抽象代数入门（二）

Field(域)Dfn: ”Field“ is a commutative ring, s.t. every non-zero element has inverse.这个交换环对于乘法和加法都满足交换性，而且对于所有非零元素都存在逆。对加法逆，即对乘法逆，即这两个都满足，u是对应元素的逆。加法的逆写成-v, 乘法的逆写成都是可以的，都是符号表示。Polynomials o...
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