繁星数学随想录·技巧卷
复合函数的二阶导数与参数方程求解曲率
复合函数的二阶导数
通过函数乘法求导运算法则,经计算可得结果:
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\begin{aligned} & y=y(x) \ \ , \ \ x=x(t)\\ \\ & x'(t)=\frac{dx}{dt} \ , \ y'(t)=\frac{dy}{dt} \ , \ x''(t)=\frac{d^2x}{dt^2} \ , \ y''(t)=\frac{d^2y}{dt^2}\\ \\ & \frac{d^2y}{dx^2}=[\ \ ]\cdot y''(t)-[\ \ ]\cdot x''(t)\\ \\ & \frac{d^2y}{dx^2}=[\frac{x'(t)}{x'(t)^3}]\cdot y''(t)-[\frac{y'(t)}{x'(t)^3}]\cdot x''(t)\\ & \frac{d^2y}{dx^2}=[\frac{x'(t)}{x'(t)^3}]\cdot y''(t)-[\frac{y'(t)}{x'(t)^3}]\cdot x''(t)=\frac{\left|\begin{array}{ll} x'(t) & x''(t) \\ y'(t) & y''(t) \end{array}\right|}{x'(t)^3} \end{aligned}
y=y(x) , x=x(t)x′(t)=dtdx , y′(t)=dtdy , x′′(t)=dt2d2x , y′′(t)=dt2d2ydx2d2y=[ ]⋅y′′(t)−[ ]⋅x′′(t)dx2d2y=[x′(t)3x′(t)]⋅y′′(t)−[x′(t)3y′(t)]⋅x′′(t)dx2d2y=[x′(t)3x′(t)]⋅y′′(t)−[x′(t)3y′(t)]⋅x′′(t)=x′(t)3∣
∣x′(t)y′(t)x′′(t)y′′(t)∣
∣
参数方程求解曲率
曲率公式为: k = ∣ y ′ ′ ( 1 + y ′ 2 ) 3 2 ∣ \displaystyle{ k=\left|\frac{y^{\prime \prime}}{\left(1+y^{\prime 2}\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}}\right| }% k=∣ ∣(1+y′2)23y′′∣ ∣ ,这意味着,我们求解曲率的核心诉求转变为求解一阶导和二阶导的值。
由于在复合函数求二阶导的过程中,我们计算二阶导是将 x x x, y y y 分别看作 t t t 的函数,而这也恰恰符合参数方程的形式,于是,对于参数方程的二阶导数,我们依然有与【复合函数的二阶导数】相同的结论。
然后代入曲率公式,经计算化简可以得到:
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\begin{aligned} & y=y(x) \ \ , \ \ x=x(t)\\ \\ & x'(t)=\frac{dx}{dt} \ , \ y'(t)=\frac{dy}{dt} \ , \ x''(t)=\frac{d^2x}{dt^2} \ , \ y''(t)=\frac{d^2y}{dt^2}\\ & \frac{d^2y}{dx^2}=[\frac{x'(t)}{x'(t)^3}]\cdot y''(t)-[\frac{y'(t)}{x'(t)^3}]\cdot x''(t)=\frac{\left|\begin{array}{ll} x'(t) & x''(t) \\ y'(t) & y''(t) \end{array}\right|}{x'(t)^3} \\ \\ & k = \frac{|x'(t)y''(t)-x''(t)y'(t)|}{(x'(t)^2+y'(t)^2)^{\frac32}} =\frac{\left|\left|\begin{array}{ll} x'(t) & x''(t) \\ y'(t) & y''(t) \end{array}\right|\right|}{(\sqrt{x'(t)^2+y'(t)^2})^3} \\ \end{aligned}
y=y(x) , x=x(t)x′(t)=dtdx , y′(t)=dtdy , x′′(t)=dt2d2x , y′′(t)=dt2d2ydx2d2y=[x′(t)3x′(t)]⋅y′′(t)−[x′(t)3y′(t)]⋅x′′(t)=x′(t)3∣
∣x′(t)y′(t)x′′(t)y′′(t)∣
∣k=(x′(t)2+y′(t)2)23∣x′(t)y′′(t)−x′′(t)y′(t)∣=(x′(t)2+y′(t)2)3∣
∣∣
∣x′(t)y′(t)x′′(t)y′′(t)∣
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在代入方程时,我们可以通过表格法参数方程作为辅助求解曲率(代入数值的手段),
遵循【交叉相乘再相减,平方求和开根号】的原则,
′ ' ′ | ′ ′ '' ′′ | |
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x x x | x ′ ( t ) = x ′ ( t 0 ) x'(t)=x'(t_0) x′(t)=x′(t0) | x ′ ′ ( t ) = x ′ ′ ( t 0 ) x''(t)=x''(t_0) x′′(t)=x′′(t0) |
y y y | y ′ ( t ) = y ′ ( t 0 ) y'(t)=y'(t_0) y′(t)=y′(t0) | y ′ ′ ( t ) = y ′ ′ ( t 0 ) y''(t)=y''(t_0) y′′(t)=y′′(t0) |
以题目作为示例:
曲线
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的点处的曲率是
曲线 \left\{\begin{array}{l}x=t^{2}+2 t \\ y=3 \ln t\end{array}\right.\ 上对应于\ t=1\ 的点处的曲率是
曲线{x=t2+2ty=3lnt 上对应于 t=1 的点处的曲率是
解答过程:
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草稿纸写这个即可
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k =\frac{\left|\left|\begin{array}{ll} x'(t) & x''(t) \\ y'(t) & y''(t) \end{array}\right|\right|}{(\sqrt{x'(t)^2+y'(t)^2})^3}= \frac{\left|\left|\begin{array}{ll} & \\ & \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \end{array}\right|\right|}{(\sqrt{x'(t)^2+y'(t)^2})^3}\ \ (草稿纸写这个即可)
k=(x′(t)2+y′(t)2)3∣
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∣x′(t)y′(t)x′′(t)y′′(t)∣
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∣=(x′(t)2+y′(t)2)3∣
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∣ ∣
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∣ (草稿纸写这个即可)
t=1 | ′ ' ′ | ′ ′ '' ′′ |
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x x x | 2 t + 2 = 4 2t+2=4 2t+2=4 | 2 2 2 |
y y y | 3 / t = 3 3/t=3 3/t=3 | − 3 / t 2 = − 3 -3/t^2=-3 −3/t2=−3 |
∣ 4 2 3 − 3 ∣ = − 18 → 18 4 2 + 3 2 = 5 → 5 3 = 125 k = 18 125 \begin{aligned} & \left|\begin{array}{ll} 4 & \ \ \ 2 \\ 3 & -3 \end{array}\right| = -18 \rightarrow \ 18\\ \\ & \sqrt{4^2+3^2}=5\ \rightarrow\ 5^3=125\\ \\ & k=\frac{\ \ 18}{\ \ 125} \end{aligned} ∣ ∣43 2−3∣ ∣=−18→ 1842+32=5 → 53=125k= 125 18
解答完毕。
特别鸣谢:公式推导与表格法灵感来源于 C C L CCL CCL .