make_shared和make_pair

make_shared和make_pair系列函数

make_shared

shared_ptr很好地消除了显式的delete调用，但这还不够，因为shared_ptr的构造还需要new调用，这导致了代码中的某种不对称性。虽然shared_ptr很好地包装了new表达式，但过多的显式new操作符也是个问题，用make_shared()来消除显式的new调用。

make_shared()函数可以接受最多10个参数，然后把它们传递给类型T的构造函数，创建一个shared_ptr的对 象并返回。make_shared()函数要比直接创建shared_ptr对象的方式快且高效，因为它内部仅分配一次内存，消除了shared_ptr 构造时的开销。

  /**
   *  @brief  Create an object that is owned by a shared_ptr.
   *  @param  __a     An allocator.
   *  @param  __args  Arguments for the @a _Tp object's constructor.
   *  @return A shared_ptr that owns the newly created object.
   *  @throw  An exception thrown from @a _Alloc::allocate or from the
   *          constructor of @a _Tp.
   *
   *  A copy of @a __a will be used to allocate memory for the shared_ptr
   *  and the new object.
   */
  template<typename _Tp, typename _Alloc, typename... _Args>
    inline shared_ptr<_Tp>
    allocate_shared(const _Alloc& __a, _Args&&... __args)
    {
      return shared_ptr<_Tp>(_Sp_alloc_shared_tag<_Alloc>{__a},
			     std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
    }

  /**
   *  @brief  Create an object that is owned by a shared_ptr.
   *  @param  __args  Arguments for the @a _Tp object's constructor.
   *  @return A shared_ptr that owns the newly created object.
   *  @throw  std::bad_alloc, or an exception thrown from the
   *          constructor of @a _Tp.
   */
  template<typename _Tp, typename... _Args>
    inline shared_ptr<_Tp>
    make_shared(_Args&&... __args)
    {
      typedef typename std::remove_cv<_Tp>::type _Tp_nc;
      return std::allocate_shared<_Tp>(std::allocator<_Tp_nc>(),
				       std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
    }

通过源码可以看出，make_shared采用的是placement new 而非operator new。

make_pair

  /**
   *  @brief A convenience wrapper for creating a pair from two objects.
   *  @param  __x  The first object.
   *  @param  __y  The second object.
   *  @return   A newly-constructed pair<> object of the appropriate type.
   *
   *  The standard requires that the objects be passed by reference-to-const,
   *  but LWG issue #181 says they should be passed by const value.  We follow
   *  the LWG by default.
   */
  // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
  // 181.  make_pair() unintended behavior
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
  // NB: DR 706.
  template<typename _T1, typename _T2>
    constexpr pair<typename __decay_and_strip<_T1>::__type,
                   typename __decay_and_strip<_T2>::__type>
    make_pair(_T1&& __x, _T2&& __y)
    {
      typedef typename __decay_and_strip<_T1>::__type __ds_type1;
      typedef typename __decay_and_strip<_T2>::__type __ds_type2;
      typedef pair<__ds_type1, __ds_type2> 	      __pair_type;
      return __pair_type(std::forward<_T1>(__x), std::forward<_T2>(__y));
    }
#else
  template<typename _T1, typename _T2>
    inline pair<_T1, _T2>
    make_pair(_T1 __x, _T2 __y)
    { return pair<_T1, _T2>(__x, __y); }
#endif

从make_pair实现上看，效率应该和std::pair对象构造差不多。make_pair内部调用pair构造函数，把模板参数通过std::forward转发。

reference:

[1]. placement new与operator new