两个重要极限
lim
x
→
0
sin
x
x
=
1
lim
x
→
∞
(
1
+
1
x
)
x
=
e
\begin{aligned} &\lim \limits_{x\to0} \frac{\sin{x}}{x}=1 \\ &\lim \limits_{x\to \infty} (1+\frac{1}{x})^x=e \end{aligned}
x→0limxsinx=1x→∞lim(1+x1)x=e
推广:
lim
x
→
0
(
1
+
x
)
1
x
=
e
lim
x
→
∞
(
1
−
1
x
)
x
=
e
−
1
=
1
e
lim
x
→
0
(
1
−
x
)
1
x
=
e
−
1
=
1
e
\begin{aligned} &\lim \limits_{x\to 0} (1+x)^\frac{1}{x}=e\\ &\lim \limits_{x\to \infty} (1-\frac{1}{x})^x=e^{-1}=\frac{1}{e}\\ &\lim \limits_{x\to 0} (1-x)^\frac{1}{x}=e^{-1}=\frac{1}{e} \end{aligned}
x→0lim(1+x)x1=ex→∞lim(1−x1)x=e−1=e1x→0lim(1−x)x1=e−1=e1
再推广:
lim
x
→
∞
(
1
+
a
x
)
x
=
e
a
\begin{aligned} &\lim \limits_{x\to \infty} (1+\frac{a}{x})^x=e^{a}\\ \end{aligned}
x→∞lim(1+xa)x=ea
证明:
幂指函数
[
f
(
x
)
]
g
(
x
)
[f(x)]^{g(x)}
[f(x)]g(x)形式,转换成
e
g
(
x
)
ln
[
f
(
x
)
]
e^{g(x)\ln[f(x)]}
eg(x)ln[f(x)] 证明。 同理,幂指函数求极限可以这样证明。
常用基本极限
lim
n
→
∞
n
n
=
1
lim
n
→
∞
a
n
=
1
(
a
>
0
)
lim
x
→
0
a
x
−
1
x
=
ln
a
lim
x
→
∞
a
n
x
n
+
a
n
−
1
x
n
−
1
+
⋯
+
a
1
x
+
a
0
b
m
x
n
+
b
m
−
1
x
m
−
1
+
⋯
+
b
1
x
+
b
0
=
{
a
n
b
m
,
n
=
m
0
,
n
<
m
∞
,
n
>
m
lim
n
→
∞
x
n
=
{
0
,
∣
x
∣
<
1
∞
,
∣
x
∣
>
1
1
,
x
=
1
不存在 ,
x
=
−
1
lim
n
→
∞
e
n
x
=
{
0
,
x
<
0
+
∞
,
x
>
0
1
,
x
=
0
\begin{aligned} &\lim \limits_{n \to \infty}\sqrt[n]{n}=1 \qquad \lim \limits_{n \to \infty}\sqrt[n]{a}=1(a>0) \qquad \lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{a^x-1}{x}=\ln a \\ &\lim\limits_{x\to\infty}\frac{a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\cdots+a_{1}x+a_0}{b_{m}x^{n}+b_{m-1}x^{m-1}+\cdots+b_{1}x+b_0}= \left\{ \begin{aligned} \frac{a_n}{b_m} &\text{ , }n=m \\ 0 &\text{ , } n<m \\ \infty &\text{ , } n>m \\ \end{aligned} \right. \\ &\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}x^n= \left\{ \begin{aligned} 0 \text{ , }& |x|<1 \\ \infty \text{ , }& |x|>1 \\ 1 \text{ , }& x=1 \\ \text{不存在} \text{ , }& x=-1 \end{aligned} \right. \qquad \lim\limits_{n\to\infty}e^{nx}= \left\{ \begin{aligned} 0 \text{ , }& x<0 \\ +\infty \text{ , }& x>0 \\ 1 \text{ , }& x=0 \\ \end{aligned} \right. \end{aligned}
n→∞limnn=1n→∞limna=1(a>0)x→0limxax−1=lnax→∞limbmxn+bm−1xm−1+⋯+b1x+b0anxn+an−1xn−1+⋯+a1x+a0=⎩
⎨
⎧bman0∞ , n=m , n<m , n>mn→∞limxn=⎩
⎨
⎧0 , ∞ , 1 , 不存在 , ∣x∣<1∣x∣>1x=1x=−1n→∞limenx=⎩
⎨
⎧0 , +∞ , 1 , x<0x>0x=0
特别注意上述公式中
lim
n
→
∞
x
n
=
∞
(
∣
x
∣
>
1
)
\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}x^n=\infty\ (|x|>1)
n→∞limxn=∞ (∣x∣>1)和
lim
n
→
∞
x
n
不存在
(
x
=
−
1
)
\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}x^n不存在\ (x=-1)
n→∞limxn不存在 (x=−1)的理解,在上网查阅后,个人总结如下:
个人笔记,如有错误,欢迎指正 : )